Study Guide 1St Multiple Choice Exam

Study Guide 1St Multiple Choice Exam

Study Guide – 1st Multiple Choice Exam

Remember, you must know political, social, economic, and intellectual / cultural history, i.e. do not only study a bunch of treaties and important historical actors and please note, this is just a rough list, know the historical context

1450’s

  • Printing Press
  • Fall of Constantinople
  • End of the 100 Years War
  • Treaty of Lodi

Renaissance

  • Humanism and Christian Humanism (Erasmus and More)
  • Italian City-States – Florence, Medici, Patronage
  • Machiavelli and Reason of State
  • Major Artists – Michelangelo (David and Sistine Chapel), Raphael (School of Athens), Botticelli (Birth of Venus), Brueghel and his context
  • French Invasions of Italy

Age of Exploration

  • Spain and Portugal – focus equals Western Europe
  • Treaty of Tordesillas and the Line of Demarcation
  • Diaz, De Gama, Columbus, and Magellan
  • God, Gold, Glory
  • Bartoleme de las Casas
  • Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade

Reformation

  • Corrupt Papacy and the Sale of Indulgences
  • Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII
  • Savonarola
  • Martin Luther – 95 Theses and major spiritual tenants
  • John Calvin and Calvinism
  • Henry VIII and the English Reformation
  • Counter Reformation
  • Charles V and Diet of Worms, Edict of Worms, Schmalkaldic League and the Peace of Augsburg
  • Printing Press and Vernacular Christian texts and Bibles
  • Anabaptists and other responses, i.e. the Peasants Revolt

Religious Wars

  • Philip II and Spain, Battle of Lepanto, The Netherlands, and The Spanish Armada
  • French Wars of Religion – Huguenots, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, Edict of Nantes
  • 30 Years’ War – Petty Regionalism, Religion gives way to state ambitions

Absolutism

  • France – Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV – “The Sun King”, Divine Right Absolutism, Palace of Versailles
  • England – Tudor / Stuart Context, English Civil War, Cromwell, Glorious Revolution
  • Russia – Peter the Great
  • Locke versus Hobbes

Enlightened Despots

  • Maria Theresa and Joseph II
  • Frederick the Great
  • Catherine the Great

Scientific Revolution

  • Natural Laws govern the earth, synthesis of faith and science
  • Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newtown, Bacon, Descartes, Vesalius, and scientific societies
  • Inquisition

Enlightenment

  • Rationalism versus Empiricism
  • Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot, Condorcet, Hume, Kant (Kant as the synthesis)
  • Salons and Coffee Houses
  • Deism
  • Concept of Human Progress and human forms of punishment versus Medieval Torture

French Revolution and Napoleon

  • Causes of the French Revolution and Storming of the Bastille
  • Moderate and Radical Phases
  • Marat, Sieyes, Robespierre, Danton, Jacobins, Sans-Coullotes, Convention, Directory
  • Guillotine
  • Émigrés
  • Napoleon, major moments, Spain and Continental System, Invasion of Russia, Trafalgar, Waterloo, what he brought to Europe

Congress of Vienna

  • Metternich and other major historical actors / conservatism
  • Concert of Europe and balance of power

Revolutions of the 19th Century

  • France 1830 and the role of Louis Blanc (1830 and 1848)
  • Revolutions of 1848, France, Austria (Hungary) and Prussia
  • Britain’s context –may reform bills were passed
  • Why the revolutions failed, know difference between liberalism and conservatism

ISMS

  • Agricultural Revolution into the Industrial Revolution
  • Focus = Britain
  • Smith and Capitalism and The Invisible Hand, remember laissez faire (government should only protect the borders of the state, maintain peace)
  • Classical Economists, Malthus, Ricardo, Bentham and Utilitarianism, Spencer
  • Utopian Socialists, Revisionism, Erfurt Program and Evolutionary Socialism, Fabian Society, Syndicalism, Anarchism
  • Marx and Engels and Communism versus Marxism
  • Rapid urbanization and the issues this caused
  • Dickens
  • Hogarth and Gin Lane
  • Germ Theory, Cholera outbreaks

Social

  • Castiglione and The Book of the Courtier
  • Changing role of women during the centuries
  • Why marriages occurred, how children were raised, how the Reformation changed gender roles, know trends, shifts that occurred over the centuries, i.e. how midwives were eventually replaced by male surgeons as “advancements” in medicine emerged
  • Witch Hunts / Witch Craze
  • Midwives and Wet Nurses
  • Roles of middle class women versus those of the working class
  • Perceptions of the poor / working class

Economic

  • Price Revolution
  • Commercial Revolution
  • Mercantilism
  • Capitalism
  • Know trends, shifts that occurred over the centuries, i.e. 15th century focus was on Italy, switched to Western Europe during the 16th Century due to the Age of Exploration, which then prompted the Price Revolution and the Commercial Revolution
  • Consumption and Cash Crops, Iberian System, Sugar, Coffee, etc . . .
  • Triangular Trade
  • The Bubbles
  • Banking

Dutch, Russia, 18th Century

  • (Dutch) Understand how the Dutch are involved in overseas commerce and what time period
  • (Dutch) Tulips
  • (Russia) Attempts at Westernizing, last to abolish serfs
  • (18th) Know the major wars that occurred and why, focus on commerce and political existence of the state versus religious aspects
  • (18th) Population increases, why? And into the 19th Century

Art Forms / Artists Packet

  • Realism and detail, perspective in Renaissance Art, ecclesiastical and secular themes
  • Reformation, Protestant art depicts families, still life, etc . . .
  • Mannerism
  • Baroque into Rococo
  • Neoclassicism
  • Romanticism

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