Study Area (Tokyo City) and Fourteen Parkssampled and Seven Built-Up Sites

Fig. S1

Study area (Tokyo city) and fourteen parkssampled and seven built-up sites.

Fig. S2

Species accumulation curvesof ground beetles in remnant parks (blue line), old establishedparks (green line) and newly established parks (red line). Pale colored polygons are 95% CIs.

Fig. S3

Species richness of butterflies and ground beetles infour habitat types estimated by GLMMs; remnant parks (Remnant), old established parks (Old est.), newly established parks (New est.), and built-up sites (Built-up), respectively.Estimates are shown using the mean values (black squares) and associated 95% CIs (vertical bars). Because we used old established parks as a reference category, the estimate of each habitat type was calculated by the sum of intercepts of old parks and slope of each habitat type (see Table 1). Note that each estimated value on the panels is shown after exponential transformation (the log-scale estimated values of GLMMs were shown in Table 1). Because in this study ground beetles were not found in the built-up sites, we removed these sites from the panels for ground beetles.

Fig. S4

Abundance of butterflies and ground beetles infour habitat types estimated by GLMMs. Details were shown in Fig. S3.

TABLE S1

All butterfly and ground beetle species observed at 21 sampling sites (5 remnant parks, 5 old established parks, 4 newly established parks, and 7 built-up sites) and their main habitat types.

Species / Study sites / Habitat types
Remnant / Old est. / New est. / Built-up / Woodland/ Open-land / Patch-dependent/ Matrix-dwelling
Fuchu-1 / Hachioji-1 / Mitaka-1 / Hachioji-2 / Hachioji-3 / Setagaya-1 / Chofu-1 / Chuo-1 / Koto-1 / Kita-1 / Shinagawa-1 / Shinjuku-1 / Sumida-1 / Nerima-1 / Built-up_1 / Built-up_2 / Built-up_3 / Built-up_4 / Built-up_5 / Built-up_6 / Built-up_7
Butterflies
Parnassiuscitrinarius / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Byasaalcinous / ● / ● / - / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Graphiumsarpedon / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papiliomachaon / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Papilioxuthus / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / wood / matrix
Papiliohelenus / - / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papilioprotenor / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papiliomemnon / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papiliomacilentus / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Papiliobianor / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Coliaserate / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / open / matrix
Euremahecabe / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Pierisspp. / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / open / matrix
Anthocharisscolymus / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Paranticasita / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Argyreushyperbius / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / open / matrix
Limenitiscamilla / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Neptissappho / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Polygonia c-aureum / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / open / patch
Nymphalisxanthomelas / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Vanessa cardui / ● / - / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Vanessa indica / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Kaniskacanace / ● / ● / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Hestinapersimilis japonica / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Hestinaassimilis / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Libytheaceltis / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Narathura japonica / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Narathurabazalus / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Japonica lutea / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Japonica saepestriata / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Antigiusattilia / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Rapalaarata / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Callophrysferrea / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Lycaenaphlaeas / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / open / patch
Lampidesboeticus / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Pseudozizeeria maha / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / open / patch
Celastrinaargiolus / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / wood / matrix
Everesargiades / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / matrix
Curetisacuta / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / matrix
Ypthimaargus / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Minoisdryas / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Lethe diana / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Lethe sicelis / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Neopegoschkevitschii / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Erynnismontanus / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Daimio tethys / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Isoteinonlamprospilus / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / patch
Potanthusflavum / - / - / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / patch
Parnaraguttata / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / ● / open / matrix
Ground beetles
Asaphidionsemilucidum / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Carabusalbrechtiesakianus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Carabusinsulicola / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Carabusprocerulus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Myascuprescens / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Lesticusmagnus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Trigonotomalewisii / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Pterostichusyoritomus / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Pterostichusprolongatus / ● / - / - / ● / - / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Pterostichustakaosanus / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Pristosiaaeneola / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Synuchusnitidus / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Synuchuscycloderus / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Amarachalcites / - / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Amarasimplicidens / ● / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Amaramacronotaovalipennis / ● / - / - / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Harpalustridens / - / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Diplocheilazeelandica / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Haplochlaeniuscostiger / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Chlaeniusabstersus / ● / ● / - / ● / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Chlaeniusvirgulifer / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Chlaeniusmicans / - / ● / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Chlaeniusnaeviger / - / - / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Chlaeniusposticalis / - / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / open / -
Planetespuncticeps / - / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Necrophila japonica / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -
Nicrophorusquadripunctatus / - / ● / ● / ● / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / wood / -