Structures and Functions of Living Organisms
GOAL 1: Understand the relationship between the structures
and functions of cells and their organelles.
Bio.1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell.
Bio.1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of complexity.
Bio.1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.
Identify these cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells.
1. nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes
2. ______Cell ______Cell
# 3. / Found in? (plants, animals, both) / FunctionNucleus
Cell Membrane aka Plasma Membrane
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
4. Fill out the venn diagram of a plant and animal cell using these words: Chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell wall, nucleus, central vacuole, cell membrane, photosynthesis, cell respiration
Plant Both Animal
5. Explain how the structure of the organelle determines it function.
Plasma Membrane-
Mitochondria- (folded inner membrane)
Chloroplasts-
6. Explain below how chloroplasts AND mitochondria
work together to create energy in a plant:
7. Explain below how DNA, RNA, RIBOSOMES, and AMINO ACIDS
work together to create an ENZYME (which is a kind of protein):
8. Complete the venn diagram below using the following words: DNA, Nucleus, Ribosome, ‘Mitochondria chloroplasts and other membrane bound organelles’, cell membrane, plasmids, chromosomes, Bacteria, Plant cells, Animal Cells
Prokaryotic Both Eukaryotic
9. Circle which cells are more complex: Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
10. True or False: Ribosomes are found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
11. Which cells are bigger: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
12. What is a plasmid?
13. Write the equation for finding the total magnification of a microscope:
20. Identify the total magnification of the microscope below:
total magnification: ______
14. Circle the microcope below that would allow you to see more differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell (which microscope gives more detail?)
Light Microscope Electron Microscope
15. Draw each type of cell and explain how the structure relates to the function of the cell on the lines below.
______
______
______
16. True or False: All the cells in an organism contain the same DNA.
17. Fill in the blank: Undifferentiated cells turn on and off different ______that direct the cells to become specialized within an organism.
18. What is an undifferentiated cell called?
What is it called in an embryo?
What is it called in an adult?
19. Once a cell becomes specialized, is it able to become any type of cell again? YES or NO.
20. How does a nerve cell communicate with another nerve cell?
21. What molecule do cells use to communicate over long distances?
22. ______are unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves and have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells.
.
23. What does homeostasis mean?
24. Your blood has a neutral pH. How does your body regulate your blood pH by using buffers? (explain what buffers do).
25. How does your body regulate body temperature?
#26. / PASSIVE TRANSPORT / ACTIVE TRANSPORTRequires energy?
Low to high concentration or high to low concentration?
27. The picture below shows the concentration of water molecules.
Will water move from… Side A to side B Side B to side A
28. Water moves by the process of ______, which is a type of (active / passive) transport.
29. In diffusion, molecules move from a ______concentration to a ______concentration
In each of the situations pictured, indicate whether the cell will gain water, lose water, or stay the same. Draw arrows to show which way the water will move (REMEMBER: SALT DOESN’T MOVE!!) In each case, the cell in the beaker is 10% salt.
30. 31. 32.
33. If a freshwater plant cell is put in salt water, what will the cell do? (shrink or blow up)
34. If a saltwater plant cell is put in fresh water, what will the cell do? (shrink or blow up)
35. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order.
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
#36 / MITOSIS / MEIOSISType of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
Chromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
Number of cells produced
If there are 50 chromosomes in the mother cell, how many are in the daughter cells?
37. Mitosis or Meiosis? Fill in the blank with “Mitosis,” “Meiosis,” or “Both!”
a. I make genetically identical cells. ______
b. I help to increase genetic variation. ______
c. I start with one cell and divide twice. ______
d. DNA replication must happen before I do. ______
e. I make diploid cells. ______
f. I divide once to make two new cells. ______
38. Fill in the cell cycle below using these words: Mitosis, S phase, G1 Phase, G2 Phase, Interphase, Cytokinesis
39. What happens in the S phase of interphase?
40. What happens in the Mitosis phase of the cell cycle??
PROTISTS
44. What is chemotaxis?
45. What is phototaxis?
GOAL 2
Carbon Cycle
46. Label the above picture of the carbon cycle.
47. How is the tree (2) participating in the carbon cycle?
48. What are the animals and plants (4) doing to participate in the carbon cycle?
49. How are the decomposers (7) participating in the carbon cycle?
50. How can humans disrupt the carbon cycle (6)?
51. Draw the greenhouse gas layer on the carbon cycle picture. Label the greenhouse gas layer.
52. Explain how the greenhouse gas layer can warm the climate of the Earth.
53. Draw a volcano on the picture of the carbon cycle and explain how it can contribute to global warming.
Nitrogen cycle
54. How does nitrogen get into the soil from the atmosphere?
55. What is the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria?
56. Before the nitrogen can enter a plant, it must be converted to nitrates. How are the nitrates used to build DNA?
57. How are the nitrates used to build protein? To answer these, you need to think about the structure of DNA and amino acids.
58. How do animals get the DNA and protein (nitrogen) they need?
59. What happens to our DNA and protein (nitrogen) when we die?
Energy Pyramids
60. Why is the sun’s energy called radiant energy?
61. What would happen if the sun did not provide radiant energy to the Earth?
62. Using the image above, is the sun’s radiant energy recycled?
63. How is the energy from the sun released from living things?
64. Who recycles the nutrients in this pyramid when plants and animals die?
65. Explain how, beginning with the sun, this pictures moves from an organized state to a disorganized state.
66. What do the primary producers do to convert the sun’s radiant energy into chemical energy called glucose?
67. Where is the most energy found in this pyramid? What happens to energy as it moves up the pyramid?
68. How much energy is lost at each step of the pyramid?
STERNGRR
Transport and Excretion:
69. Explain how buffers maintain the pH balance of the blood.
70. How do vascular plants transport water through their bodies?
71. Since nonvascular plants cannot transport water through their bodies, explain how they obtain the water they need for photosynthesis.
72. What would happen if the kidneys did not maintain the proper salt/water balance in your body?
73. When Paramecia are placed in an environment with little salt and lots of freshwater, what structure transports water out of their cells so that they don’t burst?
74. Movement of water across a membrane from high to low is called ______.
75. Movement of salt across a membrane from high to low is called ______.
Respiration:
76. Complete the table below describing how various organisms take in the gases they need.
Organism Name / Structure used to take in and release gases / What gas is taken in? / What gas is released?Paramecium
Plant
Human (Name the structure in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.)
Earthworm
77. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Nutrition
78. Complete the table outlining the nutrition methods for various organisms.
Organism Name / Feeding Adaptation used to take in food / Autotroph/Heterotroph? / Where food is digested?Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
Plant
Human
Reproduction, Growth and Development
79. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
80. Complete the following table outlining the reproductive patterns of various organisms.
Organism Name / Sexual or Asexual? / If sexual…egg, seed or spore? / If asexual…what type of asexual reproduction?Paramecium
Nonvascular Plant
Vascular Plant
Human
Fish
81. What is the difference between internal fertilization and external fertilization?
82. Provide two examples of organisms that use internal fertilization and two examples that use external fertilization.
83. What is the placenta? Explain why placental mammals have been able to colonize so many parts of the Earth.
Behavior
84. For each behavior listed below, give an example of how the behavior helps an organism survive. You can pick any organism when you are explaining.
a. suckling
b. taxes/taxis
c. migration
d. estivation
e. hibernation
f. habituation
g. imprinting
h. classical conditioning
i. trial and error learning
j. courtship dances
k. territorial defense in fighting fish
l. communication using pheromones in bees, ants and termites
Relationships
85. Describe the difference between mutualism and parasitism and give an example of each.
Mutualism-
Parasitism-
86. Draw a predator prey graph.
87. Label the predator and the prey.
88. Explain how predator/prey relationships help keep their population numbers stable.
89. What would happen if the predator was removed from the environment?
Population Dynamics
90.
For the graph above, explain the following.
a. What happened to the population initially?
b. How could food availability cause the population to level off?
c. How could climate cause the population to level off?
d. How could water availability cause the population to level off?
e. How could competition for territory cause this population to level off?
91. Draw a circle on the graph above where the scenarios (a-e) listed above would apply.
92. How is the graph of the human population below different from the graph of a typical population above?
93. Using the graph on the previous page, how did the plague impact birth rate and death rate in the human population?
94. Name two other factors that can influence birth rate.
95. Name two other factors that can influence death rate.
96. How is the human population growth negatively impacting the amount of resources being used on this Earth? Give specific examples.
97.
Compare the population of France to the population of India in terms of what will happen to the population numbers in the next 30 years.
98. As populations grow, so does the demand for: (Pick three resources that populations can deplete/affect as they grow.)
______
______
______
99-104 Match the following factors impacting North Carolina ecosystems with the negative effect.
a. acid rain effects in mountains
b. beach erosion
c. urban development in the piedmont leading to habitat destruction
e. water runoff
f. waste lagoons on hog farms
g. Kudzu as an invasive (nonnative) species
99. Introduced as an ornamental house plant; naturally found in Japan
100. Steals nutrients from the soil so plants are unable to grow; young plants die before they mature; makes plants more vulnerable to nonnative pests
101. Building developments and shopping centers and eliminating homes for animals and plants
102. Human activity and global warming have caused the sea level to rise, eliminating parts of the coast
103. Washing cars, oil pollutants, and improper dumping of household chemicals ends up in the storm water and can kill fish and plants. Phosphorus deposits from farms and households ends up in ponds and lakes and causes eutrophication.
104. Animals wastes runoff into rivers and streams and causes pollution of drinking water and fish kills
105. Describe the trend in carbon dioxide emissions over the past 29 years.
106. Place a check mark next to each ecological/climate change that increasing carbon dioxide may affect.
______global warming
______greenhouse effect
______beach erosion
______warmer temperatures
______melting ice caps
Goal 3
Label the structure of DNA:
107. Where is DNA stored in a cell?
108. What does a cell need to do with DNA when it gets ready to divide?
109. In what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
110. Why is it important that DNA replicate before cell division?
111. Sometimes called a “twisted ladder,” what is the specific name for the structure of DNA?
112. What two parts make the sides of the ladder?
113. What makes the “rungs” of the ladder?
114. How do the nitrogen bases pair?
A pairs with ____ and C pairs with ___
115. What joins the nitrogen base pairs (what type of bond)?
116. For what does the sequence of nucleotides in DNA code?
117. What are the two parts of protein synthesis?
118. What is the product of transcription and where does it occur?
119. What is the product of translation and where does it occur?
120. What is mRNA and what is its function?
121. What is tRNA and what is its function?
122. We read mRNA from left to right in groups of 3 called ______.
123. Using the DNA sequence below, create mRNA and translate it.
T A C G A T T A G A T C
mRNA:
amino acids:
124. Amino acids are linked by ______
bonds to form ______. Polypeptide
chains form ______molecules. Proteins
can be ______(forming a part
of the cell materials) or ______
(hormones, enzymes, or chemicals
involved in cell chemistry).
125. All cells have the same DNA. Why
can one cell be different from another?
126. What are some of the causes of mutations?
127 . Using the mRNA you created above, show an example of the following types of mutations including the change in amino acid sequence.