Stephen F. Mccoolwilderness Within the Context of Larger Social and Biophysical Systems 1

Contents

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Stephen F. McCoolWilderness Within the Context of Larger Social and Biophysical Systems...1

David N. Cole

1. Overviews...... 3

John B. LoomisEconomic Values of Wilderness Recreation and Passive Use:

What We Think We Know at the Beginning of the 21st Century...... 5

Gundars RudzitisThe Impact of Wilderness and Other Wildlands on Local Economies

Rebecca Johnsonand Regional Development Trends...... 14

Peter S. WhiteDisturbance, Scale, and Boundary in Wilderness Management...... 27

Jonathan Harrod
Joan L. Walker
Anke Jentsch

2. Wilderness Meanings and Debates...... 43

Chad P. DawsonThe Influence of the Adirondacks on the Wilderness Preservation

Ed ZahniserContributions of Robert Marshall and Howard Zahniser...... 45

Karen M. FoxNavigating Confluences: Revisiting the Meaning of “Wilderness

Experience”...... 49

Paul A. GrayAn Ecosystem Approach to Management: A Context for

Robert J. DavidsonWilderness Protection...... 59

Dayle C. Hardy-ShortScience, Economics, and Rhetoric: Environmental Advocacy and

C. Brant Shortthe Wolf Reintroduction Debate, 1987-1999...... 65

Roger W. KayeThe Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: An Exploration of the

Meanings Embodied in America’s Last Great Wilderness...... 73

Thomas A. MoreHow Valid are Future Generations’ Arguments for Preserving

James R. AverillWilderness?...... 81

Thomas H. Stevens

3. Wilderness Within Larger Ecosystems...... 87

Gregory ApletIndicators of Wildness: Using Attributes of the Land to

Janice ThomsonAssess the Context of Wilderness ...... 89

Mark Wilbert

Mike BaderWilderness-Based Ecosystem Protection in the Northern

Rocky Mountains of the United States...... 99

Robert J. DavidsonState-of-the-Wilderness Reporting in Ontario: Models,

Paul A. GrayTools and Techniques...... 111

Sheila Boyd
George S. Cordiner

Steffen FritzNew GIS Approaches to Wild Land Mapping in Europe...... 120

Steve Carver
Linda See

J. C. HaneyGauging the Ecological Capacity of Southern Appalachian Reserves:

M. WilbertDoes Wilderness Matter?...... 128

C. De Grood
D. S. Lee
J. Thomson

Nathaniel P. HittAn Evaluation of Wilderness and Aquatic Biointegrity in Western

Christopher A. FrissellMontana...... 138

Laskar Muqsudur RahmanThe Sundarbans: A Unique Wilderness of the World...... 143

Vinod SasidharanClimatic Change and Wildland Recreation: Examining the Changing

Patterns of Wilderness Recreation in Response to the Effects

of Global Climate Change and the El Nino Phenomenon...... 149

Janice L. ThomsonAssessing Interconnections Between Wilderness and Adjacent Lands:

Dawn A. HartleyThe Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah...... 153

Gregory H. Aplet
Peter A. Morton

4. Social, Economic, and Policy Issues...... 167

Carolyn AlkireFunding Strategies for Wilderness Management...... 169

Craig W. AllinThe Triumph of Politics Over Wilderness Science...... 180

Ralf BuckleyTourism and Wilderness: Dancing With the Messy Monster...... 186

Ralf BuckleyWilderness in Australia: What’s Happening in a World Context...... 190

Brian CzechEconomic Growth, Ecological Economics, and Wilderness Preservation..194

J. Mark FlyKnowledge of and Attitudes Toward Wilderness in the Southern

Robert Emmet JonesAppalachian Ecoregion...... 201

H. Ken Cordell

Ville HallikainenThe Finnish “Social Wilderness”...... 205

J. E. S. HighamWilderness Perception Scaling in New Zealand: An Analysis of

G. W. KearsleyWilderness Perceptions Held by Users, Non-users and

A. D. KliskeyInternational Visitors...... 218

David M. JohnsBiological Science in Conservation...... 223

Paul A. LorahPopulation Growth, Economic Security, and Cultural Change in

Wilderness Counties...... 230

Pete Morton Wildland Economics: Theory and Practice ...... 238

M. A. NieA Political Cultural Map to Future Wilderness, Monument and

Park Designation...... 251

Spencer PhillipsWindfalls for Wilderness: Land Protection and Land Value in the

Green Mountains...... 258

Brijesh ThapaThe Relationship Between Debt-for-Nature Swaps and Protected

Area Tourism: A Plausible Strategy for Developing Countries...... 268

Bryan K. WaltonSouthern by the Grace of God: Wilderness Framing in the

Heart of Dixie...... 273

5. Dialogue Session Summaries...... 279

Douglas W. HodginsFrom Confrontation to Conservation: The Banff National Park

Jeffrey E. GreenExperience...... 281

Gail Harrison
Jillian Roulet

Dan McDonaldTribal Wilderness Research Needs and Issues in the United States

Tom McDonaldand Canada...... 290

Leo McAvoy

R. McGreggor CawleyWilderness, Natural Areas, and Ecological Reserves: Thoughts on

the Politics of the Big Outside...... 295

Laurie YungMeaningful Community Involvement in Protected Area Issues:

A Dialogue Session301