STEM PHYSICAL SCIENCE MIDTERM REVIEW – 1st Semester
1. What are elements composed of?
2. What is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element?
3. Molecular substances are composed of two or more atoms that are ______bonded.
4. What is the smallest particle of a molecular substance that still retains the properties of the substance?
5. What is an element?
6. Where are all elements listed?
7. What is a compound?
8. Do compounds retain any of the properties of the elements that make them up?
9. How can you separate the elements in a compound?
10. Elements are written in a shortened form called a ______and compounds can be expressed in a shortened form called a ______.
7. What does the formula, H2O, tell you about water?
8. What is a mixture? An example?
9. What are some methods used to separate the parts of a mixture?
10. What is the difference in a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
11. What is another name for a homogeneous mixture?
12. What state of matter do mixtures occur in?
13. All matter is made up of small particles (such as molecules, atoms, or ions).
15. In a solution, what is the solute and what is the solvent?
16. What are three things that will speed up the rate at which a substance dissolves?
17. What is necessary for plasma to form?
18. Why is plasma the most common state of matter?
19. Where is plasma found on earth?
20. What is temperature?
21. What causes a substance to change from one phase of matter to another?
22. Define freezing /melting point.
23. Define boiling point.
24. If heat is added to a substance, what happens to the energy of the particles in the substance? Provide some evidence of this.
25. What is evaporation?
26. What is sublimation?
27. What is meant by physical property of a substance?
28. What is meant by chemical property of a substance?
29. Define viscosity.
30. Define density.
31. What is the density of an unknown metal that has a mass of 250 g and a volume of 10 cm3?
32. Define solubility.
33. Tell if the following are physical or chemical properties.
Mass:
Volume:
Boiling point:
Viscosity:
Solubility:
Flammable:
Corrosive:
34. What is a physical change?
35. What is a chemical change?
36. Tell if the following are physical or chemical changes.
Change in size:
Gas formation:
Melting:
Color change:
Freezing:
Temperature change:
Sublimation:
37. What subatomic particles makeup an atom?
38. What determines the identity of an atom?
39. Charge, Mass, and Location in Atom
a. Proton
b. Neutron
c. Electron
40. Describe the electron cloud. Include in your description what energy levels are and the positioning of electrons in the energy levels.
41. What makes up most of the mass of an atom?
42. What makes up most of the volume of an atom?
43. What is the net charge of the nucleus of an atom?
44. What is the net charge of an atom?
45. Define the following words:
Atomic number:
Mass number:
Atomic mass:
Isotope:
46. How do you determine the atomic number, atomic mass and mass number for an atom?
47. Some isotopes of some elements are unstable and are ______.
48. Radioactive isotopes undergo nuclear decay. What does this mean?
49. What is radiation?
50. What is nuclear fission?
51. How does a chain reaction start?
52. What is critical mass?
53. What is nuclear fusion?
54. In both fission and fusion, some mass is converted into large amounts of ______.
55. How is fission used on earth?
56. Where does fusion take place?
57. What are the consequences (positive and negative) of the following:
Radioactive materials being used in medical technologies
Nuclear weapons
Nuclear energy
58. Explain how fission is used to make electricity in our nuclear power plants.
59. A horizontal row on the periodic table is called a/an
______.
60. A vertical column on the periodic table is called a/an ______
61. Where are metals, metalloids and nonmetals located on the periodic table?
62. How do you determine the number of energy levels in an atom?
63. What are valence electrons?
64. How do you determine the number of valence electrons an atom has?
65. What is an electron dot diagram?
66. Draw electron dot diagrams for the following: sodium, carbon, oxygen, helium, neon
67. Which group of elements is stable? Why are the atoms in this groupstable?
68. How many valence electrons does a helium atom have? Why is it a noble gas?
69. What do atoms do to become stable?
70. An atom that loses or gains valence electrons becomes charged and is called an ______. Ifthe atom loses electrons it takes on a (positive, negative) charge and if an atom gains valence electrons ittakes on a (positive, negative) charge.
71. Metals (including transition metals) will (gain or lose) valence electrons to become stable and nonmetalswill (gain or lose) valence electrons to become stable.
72. What is a chemical bond? What is a chemical bond made of?
73. Why do atoms bond to make compounds?
74. When metals (lose or gain) electrons and nonmetals (lose or gain) electrons, they bond and become stable through ______bonding.
75. Nonmetals bond with each other by ______electrons to become stable through______bonding.
76. How can two nonmetal atoms bond together?
77. You should recognize illustrations or description as being examples of covalent bonding.
78. Metals tend to (lose, gain) electrons and become (positive, negative) ions.
79. Nonmetals tend to (lose, gain) electrons and become (positive, negative) ions.
80. What causes an ionic bond to form?
81. What is the charge on an ionic compound?
82. How do the positively and negatively charged ions fit together?
83. You should recognize illustrations or descriptions as being examples of ionic bonding.
84. Ionic compounds form between a ______and a ______.
85. Covalent compounds form between a ______and a ______.
86. Identify the following examples as crystalline (containing ionic bonds) or molecular (containingcovalent bonds).
N2O4
PCl3
CuBr
SO3
MgI2
N2
K2O
87. Write formulas for the compounds formed from the following elements:
Sodium and Sulfur
Magnesium and Chlorine
Calcium and Iodine
88. Substances that are malleable and ductile and have luster are known as:
89. Which metal is the only one that is a liquid at room temperature?
90. Why are the elements in-group 18 called noble gases?
91. What are some physical properties of solid nonmetals?
92. How many electrons are in the outer shell of elements in the Halogen family?
93. What is the difference between malleable and ductile?
94. The elements in groups 3-12 are known as:
95. What does a subscript represent?
96. How many of each element are in this compound? Mg(OH)2
97. Why do elements join together to form compounds?
98. Do covalent bonds result in crystals or molecules?
99. How do ionic bonds differ from covalent bonds?
100. What is a chemical reaction?
101. What’s the difference between reactants and products?
102. What does the law of conservation of mass state?
103. What do the following symbols mean?
104. What does a coefficient do?
105. Write an example of the 5 kinds of chemical reactions.
106. List 4 things that indicate that a chemical reaction has taken place.
107. What is a precipitate?
108. What does it mean to have a balanced chemical equation?
109. In a chemical equation, can you change the subscripts? The coefficients?
110. Be able to balance chemical equations or to tell if they are balanced.
111. What ions do acids release? Do bases release?
112. What are 4 properties of acids?
113. What are 4 properties of bases?
114. What is the range of numbers on a pH scale?
115. On a pH scale, where are acids and bases located?
116. Which number is neutral?
117. What is indicator paper used for?
118. What color does blue indicator paper turn when dipped in an acid?
119. What color does red indicator paper turn when dipped in a base?
120. What are the two basic types of waves?
121. What is a medium?
122. Which wave requires a medium to travel? Does not?
123. Diagram the parts of a transverse wave.
124. Diagram the parts of a longitudinal wave.
125. Which medium will a longitudinal wave travel fastest in? Slowest?
126. Which medium will a transverse wave travel fastest in? Slowest?
127. How does temperature impact the rate of transmission of a wave?
128. What is the speed of light?
129. What is the speed of sound?
130. What is reflection, refraction, and diffraction?
131. Explain the Doppler effect.
132. What are the two types of reflections?
133. List the four phases of matter.
134. How is the electromagnetic spectrum organized?
135. List the waves in correct order in the electromagnetic spectrum.
136. Arrange the wave in the EM spectrum by DECREASING energy.
137. What is pitch?
138. What is frequency?
139. How are frequency and wavelength related?
140. What is a period?
141. Which color of light has the lowest energy? Highest?
142. What color is an object that absorbs all colors of light? Reflects all colors?
143. What are the primary colors of light?
144. What is a concave lens/mirror? Convex lens/mirror?
145. How does a concave lens manipulate light? Convex?
146. What is light?
147. What is light made up of?
148. What is a carrier wave?
149. What is the unit used to measure frequency?
150. What is interference? What are the two types? Draw a picture of each.
151. What is an echo? How can it be used as a benefit?
152. What is an object’s natural frequency?
153. How are electromagnetic waves produced?
154. What type of energy do electromagnetic waves carry?
155. What does the law of reflection state?
156. Define Electrolyte.
157. What are the types of electrolytes? What differentiates them from one another?
158. What makes a solution conductive?