STAGES OF READING DEVELOPMENT
REVISE:
Reading is an active process
reading the lines, reading between the lines, and reading beyond the lines
reading the lines = the of decoding the words in order to construct the author's basic message.
readingbetweenthe lines, = the act of making inferences and understanding the author's implied message.
reading beyond the lines = the judging of the significance of the author's message and applying it to other areas of background and knowledge.
Phonics and the ability to apply decoding principles is a part of reading.
- Stage 0 is the prereading stage when children gain control over language, pretend to read. Their experiences develop this stage which lasts until about age six.
- Stage 1 EARLY EMERGENT READERS
- is the initial reading or decoding stage or emergent readers
- the child begins to associate sounds and symbols.
- . In other words, he is learning to read, learning to decode and to make sense of writing.
- Reading is not smooth and may not even be easy to listen to.
- grasp the basic concepts of book and print.
- They are acquiring a command of the alphabet with the ability to recognize and name upper- and lowercase letters.
- They are also developing many phonological awareness skills, such as recognizing phonemes, syllables, and rhyme.
- Early Emergent readers are beginning to learn sound/symbol relationships.
- Strong picture support
- Carefully controlled text and repetitive patterns
- Controlled, repeated vocabulary
- Large print and wide letter spacing
- Familiar concepts and limited text on a page
Lecture 2 – start from here!!!
STAGE 2 = EARLY FLUENT READERS
- reading is more automatic, with more energy devoted to comprehension than word attack.
- Readers are approaching independence in comprehending text.
- These readers are experiencing a greater variety of text and are able to recognize different styles and genres.
- longer sentences
- richer vocabulary
- Greater variation in sentence pattern
- less reliance on pictures
STAGES OF INSTRUCTION
The Pre-reading Stage
- purpose for reading.
- anticipate the content
- previewing headings
- surveying pictures
- reading introductions and summaries
Layout features are also non-verbal signals. For example:
heading: / a title printed at the top of a page to indicate the subject matter that is going to be discussed in a particular chapter, column or section.title: / tells you what the text is about.
subheading: / presents you with a brief summary, an introduction or explanation.
photographs: / pictures related to an article or a text.
captions: / comments on pictures related to a text
division into paragraphs: / each paragraph is a unity and deals with one particular idea. See also the section on paragraphs below.
figures, graphs, bar charts, etc: / to visualize facts and figures presented in the text.
1. Skimming and scanning
Before starting to read a text in detail, the reader should take a moment to preview the text. Read quickly, without pausing to study the details. This is called skim reading or skimming. The reader should understand:
- for which audience the text was written (general public, professionals, laymen,…)
- what type of text it is (report, informal letter, formal letter, article, advertisement, …)
- what the purpose of the author is (to describe, to inform, to explain, to instruct, to persuade)
- the general contents of the text
After having skimmed the text, the reader can study the text in more detail, reading more slowly and carefully and looking for specific information that he is interested in. This is called scanning.
2 The structure of the text
Most texts start with a title and sometimes a subtitle. After that, the introduction and the body followed by a conclusion or summary.
An important aspect of reading is prediction. The better the reader can predict what he or she is going to read, the faster and more effective he or she will read. The prediction process begins with the title.
The introduction mostly informs the reader about what he can expect .
The body consists of paragraphs. Each paragraph deals with one aspect of the subject matter. Paragraphs are linked in a logical way.
The conclusion puts the subject matter in the right perspective
4. The structure of paragraphs
A typical paragraph consists of three parts.
The first sentence contains the topic sentence, which is the heart of the paragraph.
The topic sentence (also called thesis sentence or key sentence) contains the new aspect of the subject of the text.
The second part of the paragraph contains sentences which develop the aspect. These sentences may contain arguments, explanations, details, examples, and other supporting evidence. The last sentence of a paragraph is often a summary of the paragraph or a linking sentence to the next paragraph.
5. Punctuation
Punctuation is partly based on grammar. For example, commas are often used to separate clauses. If the reader understands the meaning and usage of punctuation marks, it will be easier to understand the grammatical structures.
Punctuation marks also show how the author wants the reader to interpret a piece of text. For example, if the author puts something in brackets, the part of the sentence should be interpreted as an addition to the sentence.
During Reading Strategies =
- verification = verify their anticipations.
- comprehension of details look for the specific information
- visualizing
- Paraphrasing
- elaborating
The Post-reading Stage
- also known as the reflective stage
- "look back" and think
- to focus on overall idea
- Summarization
- Self questioning
STAGE 3 FLUENT READERS
- Readers have successfully moved from “learning to read” to “reading to learn.”
- Their reading is automatic and is done with expression and proper pauses.
- Their energy is devoted to understanding, and they have good command and use of the various comprehension strategies.
These readers read a wide range of text types and do so independently.
- More text and less familiar, more varied topics
- Challenging vocabulary and more complex sentences
- Varied writing styles and more description
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