Name: ______
Period: ______
Spring Semester Exam Review
7C Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces changes in POPULATIONS, not individuals.
7D Analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection including inherited variation, the potential to produce more offspring than can survive and a finite supply of environmental resources result in differential reproductive success.
7E Analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation, and to the development of diversity in and among species.
Q1: What is fitness?
- The ability of an organism to __SURVIVE___ and ___REPRODUCE____.
Q2: In each example, circle the organism that has the HIGHEST FITNESS.
a. White moths or dark moths (during the Industrial revolution)
b. Tan mice or black mice (in the desert)
c. Short-neck giraffes or long-neck giraffes (in the safari with tall trees)
d. Plants w/ lots of leafs or Cactus w/ no leafs (in the desert)
e. Hummingbirds with short beaks or hummingbirds with long beaks.
Q3: What is inherited variation?
Q4: Write the variation for each trait:
- Mice fur color: _white, gray, black_
- Bird’s beak size: ___small, medium, large__
- Giraffe’s neck length: ____short, medium, long _____
Q5: Circle what happens to the organisms in the population when the organism is most fit?
Survive, reproduce or dies off
Q6: What happens to the organisms in the population when the organism is least fit/
Survive, reproduce or dies off
Q7. Explain how the population shift towards a specific trait (evolution) using the terms fitness, variation, and natural selection. A population can change over time using the process of natural selection. Natural selection is the process in which a population has different variations for a specific trait. The organisms with the higher fitness for that trait survive and reproduce passing down that fit trait. The organisms with lower fitness for that trait die off and the trait is not passed down. OVER time, there will only be the trait that gave higher fitness because they survived and reproduced.
Q8. In each example, circle which trait nature will favor and the population will have more of over time?
a. White, tan, or black mice ( in the tan sand of the desert)
b. Lions with dull molars/weak body frames OR Lions with sharp molars/strong body frames
c. Long neck giraffes, medium-neck giraffes, OR short-neck giraffes
Q9. Why do turtles lay more eggs than can survive? (hint: think about what happens to a lot of them as they travel to the ocean after they hatch) OVERPRODUCTION is necessary because natural selection requires that some organisms will be less fit and die off. If there were not more offspring than can survive, the population would die out.
Q10: What is an adaptation? A heritable trait that allows an organism to survive and reproduce.
Q11: Describe an example of an adaptation that favors organisms’ in their habitat (i.e. hawks have strong talons to catch their prey) An owl’s eyes for night vision and its ability to move its neck to capture prey at night.
Q12: How do adaptations relate to natural selection (Is nature going to favor that trait in the population?) NATURE will favor the trait
Q13Circle which traits are favored by nature in:
Stabilizing selection: low extreme middle trait high extreme
Directional selection (shift to the left): low extreme middle trait high extreme
Directional selection: (shift to the right): low extreme middle trait high extreme
Disruptive selection: low extreme middle trait high extreme
Stabilizing Direction Directional Selection
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
7F Analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms including genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, and recombination.
Q14: Define genetic drift. – change in population due to random chance; two examples: founder’s effect and bottleneck
Examples of Genetic Drift
Q15: Match the scenario to the term.
1. a. Founder’s effect –
C
2. b. Gene Flow
B
3.
A
c. Bottleneck event
Q16: What affect does genetic drift have on the DIVERSITY (the differences amongst) of a population? Depends on how the genetic drift (RANDOMLY) changes the population à more differences à high diversity; less differences à Low diversity
Mutations
Q17: What is a mutation? A random change in the DNA
Q18: How do mutations affect evolution? Organisms with Good mutations pass on the mutation; Organisms with bad mutations do not pass on the mutation and die off.
7G Analyze and evaluate scientific explanation concerning the complexity of the cell.
Endosymbiosis
Q19: In your own words, describe the endosymbiotic theory.
1st, A eukaryote engulfs a prokaryote that can convert glucose to ATP. That prokaryote eventually became the mitochondria.
2nd, the eukaryote with the mitochondria engulfed a prokaryote that could do photosynthesis (convert light to glucose). That prokaryote eventually became the chloroplast
Q20 What were 2 examples of ENGULFED prokaryotes?:
MITOCHONDRIA, CHLOROPLAST
7B Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record.
Fossil Record
Index fossil – an important, keystone fossil used to identify and identify specific geological periods
Q21: Draw the rock that is the oldest. Q22: Draw the rock that is highly evolved.
Gradualism, Punctuated Equilibrium, and Adaptive Radiation
Q23: Match the image to the sequential nature of evolution
Gradualism – evolution occurs a.
over a long period of time C
Punctuated equilibrium – long periods of
no change (stasis) followed by a rapid b.
evolutionary change B
Adaptive radiation – several different species
stem from a single ancestral species A c.
7A Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies including anatomical, molecular, and developmental.
Common ancestry – most recent individual that other species have evolved from
Q24: Label the following Evidences for common ancestry:
Word Bank: Fossil Record, Homologous Structure, Analogous structure, Vestigial structures
___FOSSIL RECORD______HOMOLOGOUS– same struct, different function
Vestigial structure – reduced in size no longer used
Analagous structure - same function different structure
Q25: What does a vestigial structure tell us about its common ancestor? The structure was larger and was used in the common ancestor
Q26 Circle what type of structure: same anatomical structure, different function
Analogous OR Homologous
Q27 Circle what type of structure: different anatomical structure, same function
Analogous OR Homologous
Developmental homology: Embryology
Q28 Since human embryos develop similarly to rabbit embryos rather than snake embryos, what does that evidence say about our common ancestry with rabbits versus snakes?
That we are more closely related to rabbits than snakes. We have a more recent common ancestor with rabbits than our common ancestor with snakes.
8A Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community.
8B Categorize organisms using a hierarchical ytem based on similarities and differences shared among the groups.
8C Compare characteristics of taxonomic group including archae, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Q29: What is taxonomy?
Classifying organisms into taxons based on shared characteristics and common ancestry
Q30: Why is having taxonomic groups (taxons) important?
Uniform way of classifying organisms around the world
Binomial Nomenclature - uniform and accurate way to name organisms using the “Genus species” format
Q31 Circle the correct scientific name:
a. Dog OR Canis familiaris
b. Felis familiaris OR cat
c. Lion OR Panthero leo
d. Cervus camelopardalis OR camel
Q32 Why is binomial nomenclature important? (hint: is a seahorse really a type of horse? Think about different countries and what their scientists call different species) Universal and accurate way of naming organisms
Taxonomic Groups
Q33 Complete the tables.
Three Kingdoms
Characteristics / Eukarya / Archae / EubacteriaPhyla / Fungi, animalia, plantae, protista / Archaebacteria / Bacteria
Uni-, multi- cellular, or Both / Both / UNI / UNI
Nucleus or No Nucleus / Nucleus / NO nucleus / NO nucleus
Hetero- Auto- troph, or both / BOTH / BOTH / BOTH
Four Phyla of Eukarya
Characteristics / Fungi / Protist / Plants / AnimalsHetero-, auto- troph, or both / HETERO / BOTH / AUTO / HETERO
Have cell walls? Yes or No / YES / YES / YES / NO
Uni- Multi- cellular or Both / BOTH / BOTH / MULTI / MULTI
Cladogram
Q34 In cladograms, are derived characters shown in the MORE RECENT organisms or the OLDER organisms?
MORE RECENT
Q35 Which 2 organisms do not have lungs? Perch, Hagfish
Q36 Which organism is most closely related to the chimp? mouse
Dichotomous key
Q37Which organisms have feathers?
Duck and hen
Q38 Which organism swims?
Duck
Q39 Which organism has no feathers, nor legs? snake
11B Investigate and analyze how organisms, populations, and communities respond to external factors.
11C Summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of organisms and ecosystems.
Q40 Order the following from exclusive to inclusive (smallest to largest):
Population-2 Organism -1 Ecosystem -4 Community - 3 Biosphere 5
Q41 Label as either an biotic or Abiotic factor.
a. Soil __ abiotic ___ e. Lions ___biotic__
b. Light ___ abiotic ____ f. decomposers ____ biotic ____
c. Rocks ___ abiotic __ g. bacteria ____ biotic ______
Q42: What distinguishes a community from an ecosystem?
A community is a group of many different populations of species (ALL biotic)
An ecosystem is the combination of biotic and abiotic factors (adding abiotic factors to communities
Microorganisms – very-tiny microscopic organism in an ecosystem; can be bacteria, viruses, or in rare cases small disease-causing protists
Q43. Label the microorganism as GOOD or BAD.
Bacteria that live in intestines that help break down food. GOOD
Gonnorhea BAD, pathogen
Bacteria in root nodules of plants that convert nitrogen into usable ammonia so plants can use it. Good
Bacteria that help make foods like yogurt and sausages GOOD
Flu virus BAD, pathogen
Bacteria that cause infections in plant’s leaves BAD, pathogen
Q44. A Pathogen is a microorganism that CAUSES DISEASE. Label the above as pathogen or non-pathogen.
Q45. Is AIDS a pathogen? Yes because it causes disease by killing cells of immune system.
12C Analyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic level using various models including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.
FOOD WEB FOOD CHAIN
Q46: Label each side of the image as either a food chain OR a food web.
Q47. Circle the # of paths a food chain has.
ONE or MANY
Q48. Circle the # of paths a food web has.
ONE or MANY
Q49 What are the producers in both pictures? PLANTS, FLOWERS, CARROT GRASS,
Ten-Percent Rule
Q50. How much energy is at the producer trophic level?
100%
Q51. How much energy is at the secondary consumer trophic level?
10%
Q52 How much energy do the owls have?
1%
12F Describe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability.
Q53 Which is a more healthy ecosystem?
Less diversity OR More diversity
Q54 Determine if the following situations would be GOOD or BAD for the ecosystem stability.
Acid rain bad - fertilizing the grass GOOD
Volcanoes erupting BAD - equilibrium of predators and prey GOOD
Toxins from run off (i.e. DDT) BAD
Biomagnification – when toxins enter the ecosystem that have a magnifying detrimental affect on the food chain
Q55 Which organism has the highest concentration of DDT toxin?
Phytoplankton, small fish, large fish, or hawk
Q56 Which organism has the least concentration of DDT toxin?
Phytoplankton, small fish, large fish, or hawk
12D Recognize that long-term survival of species is dependent on changing resource bases that are limited.
Key vocab: Resources (i.e. food, water, shelter), extinct (die out), mass extinction (large # of species die off in a short period of time, endangered (about to be extinct)
12A Interpret relationships including predation, parasitism(+/-), commensalism(+/o), mutualism(+/+), and competition among organisms.
Q57 Identify the symbiotic relationships as parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism.
Leeches sucking the blood out of organism PARASITISM
Leeches sucking the blood for medicinal purposes MUTUALISM
Birds living in a tree COMMENSALISM
Orchids growing on a tree COMMENSALISM
Cleaning bird on a rhinoceros MUTUALISM
Q58 Write an example of predation (predator-prey relationship). LIONS HUNT GAZELLE
Q59 Write an example of competition (i.e. competing for food, resources, shelter). LIONS COMPETE WITH HYENAS FOR FOOD
12B Compare variations and adaptation of organisms in different ecosystems.
Q60 COMPARE/CONTRAST the adaptations/variation of plants in the desert with plants in the rainforest. PLANTS IN DESERT HAVE THORNS TO PROTECT PLANTS FROM PREDATORS AND NO LEAVES TO PRESERVE WATER.
PLANTS IN RAINFOREST GROW ON OTHER TREES TO ATTAIN SUNLIGHT BETTER; AND HAVE THICK CUTICLES TO PREVENT WATER AND HAVE SPECIAL LEAVES TO FUNNEL WATER TO THE ROOTS MORE EFFICIENTLY
11D Describe how events and processes that occur during ecological succession can change populations and species diversity.
Q61 What is an example of a pioneer species?
LICHENS AND MOSS
Q62 What happens to the diversity of organisms as time elapses during ecological succession?
INCREASES or DECREASES
Q63 Which succession is where pioneer species grow on bare rock? Primary or Secondary
Q64 Which succession is where pioneer species grow on soil after a fire or flood?
Primary or Secondary
12E Describe the flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycles and explain the consequences of disrupting these cycles.