Spring 2005Lab Section. Seat

BI 200 - Exam #1Name

Spring 2005Lab Section. Seat#

Disclaimer

Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated.

Multiple Choice 2 points each

1. The size of the most useful RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is

A) 5S

B) 16S

C) 18S

D) 23S

2. Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms that includes the

A) Cyanobacteria

B) Proteobacteria such as Paracoccus

C) Methanogenic bacteria

D) another eukaryote

3. Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?

A) The chloroplast is a descendent of the cyanobacteria

B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast

C) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria shared a common ancestor

D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related

4. The presence of membrane-enclosed organelles is a characteristic of

A) prokaryotic cells. B) eukaryotic cells.

C) all cells. D) viruses.

5. Which of the following are made up of prokaryotic cells?

A) bacteria and fungiB) Archaea and fungi

C) protozoa and animalsD) bacteria and Archaea

6. Which statement is true?

A) Yeasts are fungi while molds are algae.

B) Yeasts are bacteria while molds are fungi.

C) Both yeasts and molds are prokaryotes.

D) Both yeasts and molds are fungi.

7. In relation to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are generally

A) larger.

B) smaller.

C) about the same size.

D) There is no general rule about comparative cell size.

8. The terms “run” and “tumble” are generally associated with

A) cell wall fluidity.

B) cell membrane structures.

C) taxic movements of the cell.

D) clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria.

9. Which statement is true?

A) Lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells.

B) Peritrichous flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells.

C) Polar flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells; peritrichous flagella are tufts on the “ends” of bacterial cells.

D) Polar flagella are all over the bacterial cells; lophotrichous flagella are individual flagella on the “ends” of bacterial cells.

10. Which of the following statements is (are) true?

A) Fimbriae are generally shorter and more numerous than flagella.

B) Fimbriae probably function in surface adhesion.

C) Pili serve as receptors and seem to be involved in bacterial conjugation.

D) All of the above.

11. Glycogen granules

A) are derived directly from either PHB or BHA.

B) cannot be detected by light microscopy, even if iodine is added.

C) function as a storage depot for carbon and energy.

D) none of the above.

12. A major function of prokaryotic gas vesicles is

A) to provide buoyancy for the organism.

B) to serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxide.

C) to keep the cell’s organelles separated during flagellar motion.

D) none of the above

13. Cells take in raw materials and discards wastes; this is called

A) replication

B) transcription

C) metabolism

D) differentiation

E) conjugation

14. Disease causing prokaryotes are found exclusively among the

A) Archaea

B) Bacteria

C) Fungi

D) Viruses

E) Protozoa

15. Organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are

A) Archaea

B) Bacteria

C) Fungi

D) Viruses

E) Protozoa

16. The site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic algae is the

A) mitochondrion

B) chloroplast

C) ribosome

D) endospore

E) hydrogenosome

17.A. Most microorganisms cause disease but are never involved in the development of pharmaceuticals or other treatments for disease.

B. Microorganisms in the rumen help cows digest cellulose.

(a) only (A) is true

(b) only (B) is true

(c) both (A) and (B) are true

(d) neither (A) nor (B) are true

18. RNA polymerase is responsible for:

A) transcription

B) DNA replication

C) translation

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

19. An organism that uses the inorganic compound H2 gas as fuel would be considered a(n)

A) Chemolithotroph

B) Halophile

C) Chemoorganotroph

D) Phototroph

E) Autotroph

20. Translation is carried out by ______and occurs in the ______of prokaryotic cells.

A) RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum

B) Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum

C) Ribosome; cytoplasm

D) none of the above, prokaryotes do not have a cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum

21. DNA polymerase is responsible for:

A) DNA replication

B) translation

C) transcription

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

22. Which of the following types of genes might be found on a plasmid?

A) genes for the sex pilus

B) antibiotic resistance genes

C) genes for ribosomes

D) (a) and (b)

E) all of the above

23. Which of the following are prokaryotes?

A) Cyanobacteria

B) bacteriophage

C) Amoeba

D) Yeast - Saccharomyces

24. You observe a specimen under your microscope that is 0.4 mm in length, has mouth parts, legs, and wings. It is an example of a(n)

A) bacterium

B) protozoan

C) fungus

D) archaean

E) metazoan

Answer the following questions based on the articles “Earth’s dominant life form…”

25. Which of these benefits do the microorganisms living in and on us provide?

A) They provide additional income

B) They keep disease-causing microbes out of the body

C) They help feed their hosts by providing vitamins and breaking down food

D) None, they all lead to problems eventually

E) (b) and (c)

26. A baby is born germ-free. After colonization, how many species bacteria might be found in its colon and on its skin?

A) 40

B) 400

C) 4,000

D) 400,000

27. Which of the following is a microbiologist from the University of Illinois who is an expert on human-microbial interaction?

A) Dr. Jeffrey Gordon

B) Dr. Abigail Salyers

C) Dr. Guy Weinberg

D) Dr. Floyd Dewhhirst.

28. Three areas of the body that are highly colonized and discussed in the paper DO NOT include

a. Vagina

b. Mouth and teeth

c. Scalp

d. Gut – small intestine and colon

Circle the chemical structure to the left that is the ether linkage

Is the sugar molecule to the left an alpha or beta form of glucose?

Which of these would be found in RNA?

Which of these would be found in DNA?

Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5) the next nucleotide would attach on one of the structures.

Indicate to which carbon (1 through 5) the base would attach on one of the structures.

Indicate which polysaccharides to the left would either besoluble and digestible, or make a good cell wall material. Mark all three.

Indicate which structure has an ether linkage, and which has an ester linkage.

Are ether linkages found in lipids of archaea, eukaryotes, or bacteria?

Would the membrane structures on the left be from archaea or bacteria?

What is the name (abbreviation will due) of the polymer depicted on the left?

What do the storage granules provide for the bacteria?

Why are these storage granules of particular interest to people?

Complete the following table related to the entry of molecules into bacteria (10 points).

Method of Entry / Is Energy Required?
Yes or No / Is Protein Involved?
Yes or No / What is the source of energy? / Example of Moleculea
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Symport
Group Translocation
ABC Transport

a Choose from glucose, lactose, maltose, hydrogen gas, glycerol

(4 points) Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic motility by completing the following table.

Trait or Property / Prokaryotes / Eukaryotes
Appendages related to motility
Name of proteins that appendages are composed of
Motion of appendages
(What man-made structures do they resemble?)
What form of energy is required for motion?

Complete the following table comparing the typical arrangement of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. 4 points

Eukaryotes / Prokaryotes
Shape of Chromosome
Copies of Each Chromosome
Where is it found in the cell?
Does supercoiling involves histones?

(2 points) What are three advantages of having a capsule? Put a star by the most important.

A -

B -

C -

(2 points) Bacterial endospores are (true or false)

_____ resistant to heat

_____ metabolically active

_____ rich in Calcium

_____ formed on the inside of cells

Historical Figures in Microbiology

Complete the following narrative by circling the appropriate name or term in each parenthesis so that each sentence is accurate. 1 point each

(Robert Hooke, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur) was the first person to make detailed observations of microorganisms leading to the discovery of bacteria in 1684. It was not until the 1860’s that (Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch) was able to demonstrate that microorganisms were responsible for fermentation and food spoilage. To do this he performed a series of experiments with “swan-neck” flasks to (prove, disprove) the theory of spontaneous generation. In these experiments (dust, air) could get in the flasks, but (dust, air) could not, and therefore showing that (dust, air) was responsible for microbial growth. The whole series of manipulations preventing contaminating microbes from getting in the flasks is referred to as (enrichment technique, pure culture technique, aseptic technique, pasteurization). (Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch) developed the germ theory of disease. He developed a set of rules that rigorously demonstrated that a particular organism caused a particular disease. In order to do this he had to invent (enrichment technique, pure culture technique, aseptic technique, Listerine). The first such organism to be identified was the causative agent of (cow pox, small pox, anthrax, rabies). Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky were leaders in the study of microbes in the environment. Winogradsky developed the concept of (autotrophy, heterotrophy, lithotrophy, phototrophy) where organisms could use non-carbon compounds as fuel or “food” molecules. Beijerinck developed (enrichment technique, pure culture technique, aseptic technique, pasteurization) to isolate this type of organism.

Structure of prokaryotic cells: Elements, Bonds, Forces, Monomers, Polymers, and Features.

Use the 10 terms listed below to complete the facing diagram which represents the bonds and forces that hold together the prokaryotic cell, and their elements, monomers, polymers, and structures. (Bonds and forces are in italics).

Short answer/Circle the correct word. 2 points each

What is the size range of viruses in m?

Who discovered lysozyme and penicillin?

Give the name of the cell wall material in fungi, the name of the monomer it is composed of, and the designation of the bonding arrangement.

Eukaryotic cells have (linear, circular) chromosomes that are composed of (single-stranded, double-stranded) DNA.

How many base pairs in the E. coli chromosome?

Name 3 structures associated with eukaryotic cells that are composed of microtubules

Rods (bacilli) and spheres (cocci) are two bacterial shapes. Name and draw two more.

A Paramecium measures 175 μm. How many mm is that?

Draw the arrangement of the gram negative cell envelope. Indicate the following things: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoprotein, peptidoglycan, porins, cytoplasmic and outer membranes, membrane proteins, phospholipids, periplasm, and cytoplasm. (5 pts).

Use the above terms (LPS, lipoprotein, etc.) to complete the following sentences. 5 pts.

______serves to anchor the outer membrane to the cell wall.

______causes fever in warm-blooded animals.

______allow entry of monomer molecules, like sugars and amino acids, to enter the periplasm.

Binding proteins of “ABC” transport systems are found in the ______.

______are typically composed of hydrophobic fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate.