Question 1

  1. The ______theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

a. / strain
b. / labeling
c. / differential association
d. / social control

2 points

Question 2

  1. A term used to describe the loss of direction felt in society when social control of behavior becomes ineffective.

a. / retreatest
b. / anomie
c. / Cultural transmission
d. / isolationism

2 points

Question 3

  1. Specialized language used by members of a subculture

argot
billingualism
symbols
in-language

2 points

Question 4

  1. What is a group who directlyopposescertain values of larger society. This type of group may have distinct values and practices.

a. / subculture
b. / counterculture
c. / secondary group
d. / informal group

2 points

Question 5

  1. What theory explains stratification as necessary so that people will be motivated to fill important positions?

a. / Structural-Functional Theory
b. / Conflict Theory
c. / Symbolic Interaction Theory
d. / Labeling Theory

2 points

Question 6

  1. Which of the following is NOT a folkway of American culture?

a. / holding open a door for someone
b. / white wedding dress
c. / thank you notes
d. / violating a traffic signal

2 points

Question 7

  1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy.

a. / division of labor
b. / written rules and authority
c. / employment based on technical qualifications
d. / personal consideration

2 points

Question 8

  1. Who was a major proponent conflict theory?

a. / Emile Durkheim
b. / Karl Marx
c. / TalcottParsons
d. / George Herbert Mead

2 points

Question 9

  1. The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships.

a. / Social interaction
b. / Structurally patterned behavior
c. / Social structure
d. / Group interaction

2 points

Question 10

  1. ______occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

a. / Role performance
b. / Role conflict
c. / Role ambiguity
d. / Role alienation

2 points

Question 11

  1. ______is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

a. / Deviance
b. / Crime
c. / Stigma
d. / Violence

2 points

Question 12

  1. ______refers to the disconcerting and unpleasant experiences that can accompany exposure to a different culture.

a. / Cultural lag
b. / Cultural shock
c. / Xenophobia
d. / Ethnocentrism

2 points

Question 13

  1. ______can create a barrier to interaction between people from different cultures.

a. / Cultural relativity
b. / Ethnocentrism
c. / Roles
d. / Statuses

2 points

Question 14

  1. Sociologists are most inclined to explain behavior in terms of:

a. / roles and social structure.
b. / individual personality characteristics.
c. / the biological differences between people.
d. / individual attitudes.

2 points

Question 15

  1. ______theory relies on the assumptions of stability, harmony and evolution.

a. / Structural-functional
b. / Conflict
c. / Symbolic interaction
d. / Microsociology

2 points

Question 16

  1. Max Weber developed which approaches for sociology?

a. / positivism and theories of statics and dynamics.
b. / value-free stance and an emphasis on subjective meanings.
c. / adaptation and evolution.
d. / economic determinism and the dialectic.

2 points

Question 17

  1. This German economist and philosopher stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. He believed that class conflict is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society.

a. / Karl Marx
b. / Max Weber
c. / Fredrick Schmidt
d. / Emil Durkheim

2 points

Question 18

  1. Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis?

a. / You can catch more flies with honey than you can with vinegar.
b. / Men should share in the household chores.
c. / The meek shall inherit the earth.
d. / Learning should be fun.

2 points

Question 19

  1. A ______is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

a. / position
b. / character
c. / value
d. / role

2 points

Question 20

  1. A ______group is a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

a. / secondary
b. / primary
c. / kinship
d. / strong

2 points

Question 21

  1. A teenage boy, nervous because he is about to go out on his first date, receives advice from his older sister about how to act. This is an example of:

a. / sociobiology
b. / acculturation
c. / socialization
d. / high self-esteem

2 points

Question 22

  1. A/an ______is any number of people who share similar values, norms, and expectations that interact on a regular basis.

a. / group
b. / aggregate
c. / category
d. / crowd

2 points

Question 23

  1. According to sociologist ______, class is determined entirely by one's relationship to the means of production.

a. / Max Weber
b. / Dennis Gilbert
c. / Karl Marx
d. / George Herbert Mead

2 points

Question 24

  1. According to the text, the ______is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.

a. / school
b. / peer group
c. / mass media
d. / family

2 points

Question 25

  1. Ann, Gloria, Sandra, and John were college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They developed a friendship and now meet once a week for coffee and conversation. This is an example of what kind of group?

a. / a primary group
b. / a formal group
c. / a secondary group
d. / an aggregate group

2 points

Question 26

  1. Bill has worked in the steel mill for 20 years, but he suddenly finds himself unemployed due to his company closing. He must find another way of making a living, and he goes back to school to find a new career. He struggles with the loss of income and adjustment to a new lifestyle. What process is Bill undergoing?

a. / Resocialization
b. / Professional Socialization
c. / Role Conflict
d. / Primary Socialization

2 points

Question 27

  1. Deviant behavior varies in its degree of seriousness, ranging from mild transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law. A ______is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

a. / stigma
b. / deviant act
c. / crime
d. / cultural strain

2 points

Question 28

  1. John has noticed that his boss smiles and is pleased when John gets to the office a bit early, or stays a bit late. John is influenced by:

a. / informal social control
b. / formal sanctions
c. / mores
d. / values

2 points

Question 29

  1. Societies also have various mechanisms to control people's behavior. ______refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

a. / Social retaliation
b. / Social emphasis
c. / Social control
d. / Social deviance

2 points

Question 30

  1. Sociologists often use the term ______to refer to a combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education to determine class location.

a. / power status
b. / socioeconomic status
c. / prestige status
d. / wealth status

2 points

Question 31

  1. Refrigerators, ovens, cofee pots, and stereos are all examples of what sociologists call:

a. / material culture
b. / nonmaterial culture
c. / high status culture
d. / cultural necessities

2 points

Question 32

  1. Statuses are distinguished by the manner in which we acquire them. A/an ______status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control.

a. / achieved
b. / ascribed
c. / socioeconomic
d. / occupational

2 points

Question 33

  1. The ______represents the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct, unique person--a sense of who and what one is.

a. / self
b. / personality
c. / psyche
d. / individual orientation

2 points

Question 34

  1. A physician whose father was a laborer is an example of ?

a. / upward intergenerational mobility
b. / downwardintergenerational mobility
c. / downwardintragenerational mobility
d. / upwardintragenerational mobility

2 points

Question 35

  1. Which sociological perspective would say that the norms and values of a culture reinforce patterns of dominance and mayperpetuatesocial inequality.

a. / Feminist
b. / Interactionist
c. / Functionalist
d. / Conflict

2 points

Question 36

  1. What is a collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity and is characteristic of societies with a minimal division of labor?

a. / organic solidarity
b. / mechanical solidarity
c. / creative solidarity
d. / natural solidarity

2 points

Question 37

  1. What is the term used for the unintended effect some researchers can have on their subjects?

a. / Hawthorne Effect
b. / McDonalization
c. / The Harris Effect
d. / Marxism

2 points

Question 38

  1. Sociology is defined as:

the systematic study of human society and social interaction
the methodological analysis of groups and individuals
the scientific analysis of premodern people
the academic discipline that examines individual human behavior

2 points

Question 39

  1. Values provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave. ______are established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

a. / Mores
b. / Folkways
c. / Sanctions
d. / Norms

2 points

Question 40

  1. ______is a society characterized by the personal and permanent ties associated with primary groups.

a. / Gemeinschaft
b. / Gesellschaft
c. / Urbanization
d. / Heterogeneity