Sources of data used in the meta-analyses

Aoki Y, Hashimoto R (1995) Leaf phenology of woody plant species in a cool-temperate secondary forest of Quercus serrata (in Japanese). Bulletin of the Iwate University Forests 26: 29-41

Brearley FQ, Proctor J, Suriantata, Nagy L, Dalrymple G, Voysey BC (2007) Reproductive phenology over a 10-year period in a lowland evergreen rain forest of central Borneo. J Ecol 95: 828-839

Dela JDS (2007) Seasonal food use strategies of Semnopithecus vetulus nestor, at Panadura and Piliyandala, Sri Lanka. Int J Primatol 28: 607-626

Ganesh T, Davidar P (1999) Fruit biomass and relative abundance of frugivores in a rain forest of southern Western Ghats, India. J Trop Ecol 15: 399-413

Hamann A (2004) Flowering and fruiting phenology of a Philippine submontane rain forest: climatic factors as proximate and ultimate causes. J Ecol 92: 24-31

Hanya G, Yoshihiro S, Zamma K, Matsubara H, Ohtake M, Kubo R, Noma N, Agetsuma N, Takahata Y (2004) Environmental determinants of the altitudinal variations in relative group densities of Japanese macaques on Yakushima. Ecol Res 19: 485-493

Hanya G, Aiba S (2011) Annual periodicity in fruiting in temperate forests in Yakushima, Japan. Forestry Studies in China 13: 112-122

Hanya G, Bernard H (2012) Fallback foods of red leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda) in Danum Valley, Borneo. Int J Primatol 33: 322-337

Kaji M, Sawada H, Igarashi Y, Kabaya H, Nitami T (2001) Study on the nut fall fluctuations of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) and Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata Blume) for 17 years in a natural beech forest in the Chichibu mountains, central Japan (in Japanese). Bulletin of the University of Tokyo Forests 106: 1-16

Kato S, Yamamoto M, Komiyama A (1999) Leaf phenology of over- and understory trees in a deciduous broad-leaved forest: an observation at the Mumai plot in 1997 (in Japanese). Japanese Journal of Forest Environment 41: 39-44

Kawamura K, Hashimoto Y, Sakai T, Akiyama T (2001) Effects of phenological changes of canopy leaf on the spatial and seasonal variations of understory light environment in a cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest (in Japanese). Journal of Japanese Forestry Society 83: 231-237

Komiyama A, Wada K, Kuga H (1991) Annual fluctuation of seed-fall amounts in the basin of Yokoyu River, Shiga Heights: Fagus, Quercus, and Cornus species in the utilization area of Japanese monkeys (in Japanese). Research bulletin of the Faculty College of Agriculture Gifu University 56: 165-174

Li YM (2006) Seasonal variation of diet and food availability in a group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys in Shennongjia Nature Reserve, China. Am J Primatol 68: 217-233

Li ZY, Rogers ME (2006) Food items consumed by white-headed langurs in Fusui, China. Int J Primatol 27: 1551-1567

Lin KC, Hwanwu CB, Liu CC (1997) Phenology of broadleaf tree species in the Fushan Experimental Forest of Northeastern Taiwan (in Chinese). Taiwan J For Sci 12: 347-353

Maeno H, Hiura T (2000) The effect of leaf phenology of overstory trees on the reproductive success of an understory shrub, Staphylea bumalda DC. Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique 78: 781-785

Maruyama K (1978) Shoot elongation characteristics and phenological behavior of forest trees in natural beech forest: ecologica studies on natural beech forest (32) (in Japanese). Bulletion of the Niigata University Forests 11: 1-31

Matsuda I, Tuuga A, Higashi S (2009) The Feeding ecology and activity budget of proboscis monkeys. Am J Primatol 71: 478-492

Murali KS, Sukumar R (1994) Reproductive phenology of a tropical dry forest in Mudumalai, Southern India. J Ecol 82: 759-767

Raemaekers JJ, Aldrich-Blake FPG, Payne JB (1980) The Forest. In: Chivers DJ (ed. Malayan Forest Primates. Plenum Press, New York, pp 29-61

Saito H (1993) Periodicity of annual yield of reproductive organs in a Castanopsis cuspidata stand over eight years (in Japanese). Sci Rep Kyoto Pref Univ (Agr) 45: 1-18

Sakai S (2002) General flowering in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests of South-east Asia. Biol J Linnean Soc 75: 233-247

Satoo T, Ogino K, Maruyama K, Kakubari Y, Ando T, Chiba T, Nishimura T, Tanimoto T, Saito H, Kawanabe S (1977) Studies at IBP research sites (JIBP/PT supporting projects). In: Shidei T, Kira T (eds.) Primary Productivity of Japanese Forests: Productivity of Terrestrial Communities. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp 169-289

Sayers K, Norconk MA (2008) Himalayan Semnopithecus entellus at Langtang National Park, Nepal: Diet, activity patterns, and resources. Int J Primatol 29: 509-530

Stanford CB (1991) The diet of the capped langur (Presbytis pileata) in a moist deciduous forest in Bangladesh. Int J Primatol 12: 199-216

van Schaik CP (1986) Phenological changes in a Sumatran rain forest. J Trop Ecol 2: 327-347

Wich SA, van Schaik CP (2000) The impact of El Niño on mast fruiting in Sumatra and elsewhere in Malesia. J Trop Ecol 16: 563-577

Wong ST, Servheen C, Ambu L, Norhayati A (2005) Impacts of fruit production cycles on Malayan sun bears and bearded pigs in lowland tropical forest of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. J Trop Ecol 21: 627-639

Zhou QH, Wei FW, Li M, Huang CM, Luo B (2006) Diet and food choice of Trachypithecus francoisi in the Nonggang Nature Reserve, China. Int J Primatol 27: 1441-1460