State Test Earth Science Study Guide Part 2 Name______
Some agricultural water used in Madera comes from behind dams in manmade ______. Some of our water is pumped from ______aquifers. Much of this water comes from local mountains where it had previously been stored as ______before melting and flowing down the mountain to be stored underground.
Nitrogen is important to life because it is necessary to form amino ______and proteins. Even though about ___ percent of Earth’s atmosphere is made up of nitrogen, it is not in a form that can be used by plants or animals. Inorder to be used by plants it must be ______. Some nitrogen is fixed by lightning, but much more is fixed by ______in soil or in nodules on plants called ______.
The composition of most stars is 73% hydrogen, 25% helium, and 2% other elements.
The spectra or light given off of stars indicates the ______they are made of. The color of a star depends on its temperature. Hot stars are ______, cool stars are ______. The different colors of light are caused by different ______lengths of the electro-magnetic energy. Edwin Hubble found that distant galaxies had a red ______in color, indicating that they were moving further away at faster and faster speeds. This was support for the ______theory of the origin of the universe.The brightness of a star depends on its size and temperature. How bright a star appears on Earth depends on how far the star is from Earth and how bright the star actually is.The ______magnitude is its brightness as seen from Earth. (the closer to Earth, the brighter it appears)The ______magnitude is the brightness the star would have if it were a standard distance from Earth.
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a graph used by astronomers. It shows a relationship between surface temperature and brightness. Most stars (90%) form a diagonal band called the main sequence stars. In the main sequence, surface temperature increases as brightness increases. Our sun is an average ______star.Our Sun is about the same age as Earth or about _____ billion years old. It is located near the outer edge of a spiral ______, the Milky Way, which is about 100,000 ______across. The Sun is in about the ______of its life cycle, so it can be expected to be around for at least several ______more years. The ______wind is a stream of charged particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of the sun. Earth’s magnetic field deflects these particles, which can be seen as strange colored lights in the sky near the poles called______. The solar wind is also what causes a comet’s tail to always point ______from the Sun. Black Holes are the remnants of massive stars where matter is so dense that it causes a ______pull so strong that not even light can escape. Asteroids are small rocky bodies in orbit around the sun. The asteroid belt where most of them are found is between ______and Jupiter. ______is the most massive of all the planets. The big red spot on Jupiter is a huge ______.Saturn is characterized by its rings which are made of _____ and rocks. If a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere and strikes the ground it is called a______. A ______is a small body of ice, rock and cosmic dust loosely packed together that orbits the Sun.
Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it orbits around the sun causing unequal ______of the Earth’s surface.Day and Night are associated with the ______of the Earth around its axis. The side facing the sun is experiencing day. A solar ______occurs when the moon comes between Earth and the sun, casting a shadow on earth. The phase of the moon during a solar eclipse is always ______moon. A total eclipse can be seen from places on earth where the moon’s ______or total shadow is cast. A ______eclipse occurs when Earth casts a shadow on the moon. The phase of the moon during a lunar eclipse is always ______moon. Because the Earth, moon, and Sun are in a direct line during either kind of eclipse, Earth experiences periods of extreme high and low tides called ______tides. This is because tides are caused by the ______pull of both the moon and Sun. The gravitational pull of the Sun on the Earth is about ______of that of the moon because it is much further away.
Wind is caused by air moving from and area of high pressure to an area of ______pressure. Lines on a weather map indicating areas with the same barometric air pressure are called ______. When these lines are close together, this is called a steep pressure ______and indicates ______winds. Lines on a weather map indicating areas of the same temperature are called ______. When warm air masses converge with cooler air masses at Earth’s surface, ______weather patterns develop.
A stratovolcano, also called a ______volcano, is a tall, cone shaped volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, pyroclastic material , and volcanic ash. These kinds volcanoes are characterized by a steep shape and very______eruptions. The ______that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. Ancient volcanoes put the gas ______into the atmosphere. This caused global warming at that time and also led to an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere through the process of ______by early bacteria.
Earth’s atmosphere is divided into layers based upon their ______gradient. For example temperature ______with elevation in the troposphere, then increases with elevation in the ______. This increase in temperature in the stratosphere is caused by the absorption of ______energy by the ozone layer. Temperature decreases with elevation again in the ______, and increases again in thermosphere.
The thermohaline circulation is the global density-driven circulation of ocean ______. These are also called density currents. Water at the poles becomes denser because colder water is denser and because as water freezes, the ______it contains is left behind in the liquid water making that water even denser. This more dense water ______and moves slowly towards the ______. These slow moving currents are also called the global ______belt. This conveyor belt helps to distribute heat ______to various parts of the Earth.
Deserts are usually found in places where air masses that have lost their moisture and are sinking back towards the surface. This happens at about 30 and 60 degrees north and south latitudes and on the leeward (opposite side as where the prevailing winds come from) sides of large ______ranges.
When two tectonic plates move towards each other they are called ______plates. If one of these plates is oceanic crust and the other continental crust, the oceanic plate ______beneath the continental plate. A deep ocean ______forms at the point of subduction. The plate melts as it subducts and the molten magma rises forming ______mountains on the overriding continental plate. When two tectonic plates move apart, they are called ______plates. Molten magma rises between the diverging plates, cools, hardens and forms new ______. The further the rocks in the oceanic crust are from the mid-ocean ______that forms at the divergent plate boundary, the ______the age of the rocks. This is further evidence of plate tectonics.
Part 2 Answers
4.6
78
absolute
acids
apparent
aurora
away
bacteria
big bang
billion
blue
CO2
comet
composite
convergent
conveyor
crust
currents
decreases
divergent
eclipse
elements
energy
equator
explosive
fixed
full
galaxy
gradient
gravitational
gravitational
half
heating
ice
isobars
isotherms
Jupiter
lakes
lava
legumes
light years
low
lunar
main sequence
Mars
mesosphere
meteorite
middle
mountain
new
older
photosynthesis
red
ridge
rotation
salt
shift
sinks
snow
solar
spring
storm
stormy
stratosphere
strong
subducts
temperature
trench
ultraviolet
umbra
underground
volcanic
wave