· Yield of cassava per hectare
· Soil and fertilizer that is good for cassava
· Good cassava variety to be grown for processing, how many hours can the harvested cassava root stay fresh before it starts to affect the production.
· Chinese/Thai/European technology/machinery for producing flour/starch and the estimated cost for a 300 mt per day plant
· Products and derivatives of products that can we manufactured from cassava roots especially modified starch or high value added products such as sorbitol in toothpaste.
· Yield of cassava flour per ton of cassava root
· Yield of tapioca starch per ton of cassava root
· Yield of glucose per ton of cassava root
· Water requirements and wastewater treatments/the biogass that can be generated from 300 mt per day plant
· By products that can be sold or must get rid off
· Anything else that is interesting
· Yield of cassava per hectare
http://www.mtec.or.th/images/stories/mtec_pre/docs/news/EU/Howeler.pdf
http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/0605_Bellagio_Cassava_Production.pdf
· Soil and fertilizer that is good for cassava
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y2413e/
Cassava is produced between 30o north and south latitudes, and near the equator up to an
altitude of about 1800 masl. Because of the crop’s tolerance to drought and low soil fertility,
it is generally produced in marginal areas with poor soils, and/or high risk of drought.
Cassava grows best in areas with a mean temperature of 25-29oC, and a soil temperature of
about 30oC; below 10oC the plant stops growing. While the crop grows best in areas with an
annual well-distributed rainfall of 1000-1500 mm, it can tolerate semi-arid conditions with
rainfall as low as 500 mm, and may have a competitive advantage over other crops under
those conditions. Cassava can grow on a wide range of soils, but is best adapted to welldrained,
light-textured, deep soils of intermediate fertility. Under high fertility conditions top
growth may be stimulated at the expense of root growth. Optimum soil pH is between 4.5 and
6.5. The crop does not grow well in poorly drained soils, gravelly or saline soils, or in soils
with a hardpan (Onwueme and Sinha, 1991).
· Good cassava variety to be grown for processing, how many hours can the harvested cassava root stay fresh before it starts to affect the production.
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/inpho/docs/Post_Harvest_Compendium_-_Cassava.pdf
Cassava roots, when left attached to the main stem, can remain in the ground for several months without becoming inedible; farmers do often leave cassava plants in the field as a security against drought, famine or other unforeseen food shortage. It is from this property that cassava has earned its name as a 'famine reserve crop'. However, once the roots have been harvested, they start deteriorating within 2 to 3 days, and rapidly become of little value for consumption or industrial applications.
Some varieties deteriorate so fast they become inedible 24 hours after harvest (Booth, 1976) while others have been reported to stand for 7 to 11 days at room temperature without any sign of discoloration (Montaldo, 1973). From a biochemical point of view, primary deterioration of CASSAVA: Post-harvest Operations
cassava roots is associated with a conversion of some of the starch to sugars (Booth et al 1976), an accumulation of cyanogenic glucosides, a decrease in linamarase activity (Kojima et al. 1983), and the onset of a number of enzymatic reactions leading to the accumulation of coloured compounds (Wheatley and Schwabe, 1985).
http://www.kari.org/biennialconference/conference12/docs/THE%20EVOLUTION%20AND%20ORGANISATION%20OF%20CASSAVA%20VALUE%20CHAINS%20IN%20GLOBAL.pdf
There are sweet and bitter cassavas. Sweet cassavas are normally used in direct human consumption. Bitter cassavas, which have higher starch content, are used as animal feed or processed into industrial inputs.
· Chinese/Thai/European technology/machinery for producing flour/starch and the estimated cost for a 300 mt per day plant
Stamex 150t/day starch THB176,000,000 or USD5,677,491 excluding land, civil, water treatment and power generation
Power generation additional THB 120-150mil
· Products and derivatives of products that can we manufactured from cassava roots especially modified starch or high value added products such as sorbitol in toothpaste.
http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/0605_Bellagio_Cassava_Production.pdf
http://www.nodai.ac.jp/cip/iss/english/9th_iss/fullpaper/4-1ku-pattaranat.pdf
Cassava Chips/Pellets : They are used in various industries as follows:-
1. Animal Feeds: It is used as the ingredients of animal feeds;
2. Alcohol: It is used for producing alcohol for the liquor manufacture and the disinfectant.
3. Gasohol: To be used for producing Ethanol and mixed with fuel which is a renewable energy source;
Cassava Starch : It is used in various industries, for instance,
1. Food and Beverage: The cassava starch will be used in both its original form and its other modified forms, for instance, the instant noodle, sago, seasoning sauce including beverages;
2. Sweeteners: They are glucose and fructose which are used as the sweeteners in the beverage industry;
3. Textile Industry: It is used for slipping the thread and to make the thread being without hair during the weaving and to fortify the thread including the cloth printing in order to make the cloth being shining and durable;
4. Paper Industry: To mix it with the paper in order that the paper pulp to be tough and thick;
5. Glue Industry: To use it for producing glue including any products whose their mixture is the glue;
6. Plywood Industry: To use it in form of glue made from cassava starch in the process of plywood manufacture in order to make the plywood become qualified, tough and durable;
7. Medicine Industry: To use it as the diluent of capsule medicine and pill;
8. Monosodium Glutamate: To use it for producing the MFG for seasoning food;
9. Bio-Degradable Material Products: To use the cassava starch to be transformed as product by mean of adding the bio-degradable substance to be in place of plastic.
Yield: Depends on starting starch content of cassava, processing equipment and efficiency
http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/0605_Bellagio_Cassava_Production.pdf
· Yield of cassava flour per ton of cassava root
http://idosi.org/wjdfs/wjdfs6(1)/7.pdf
· Yield of tapioca starch per ton of cassava root
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/y1177e/Y1177E04.htm
· Yield of glucose per ton of cassava root
http://www.cassavabiz.org/postharvest/gsyrup01.htm
· Yield of ethanol
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Fuel Ethanol Produced from Cassava in Thailand
The production costs of cassava roots estimated by farmers are in the range of Bt 980 to Bt 1,140 a tonne [In 2006, 1 USD equals
approximately 38 Bt]. A detailed breakdown cost structure is shown in Fig. 2. Selling their product to processing plants, farmers get an average profit of about Bt 183 to Bt 427 a tonne depending on product
market price. The market price of cassava roots in the last few months of 2006 has fluctuated from Bt 1,250 to Bt 1,500 a tonne.
The feedstock cost of ethanol conversion is the cost of cassava chips on the open market plus transportation cost. It amounts to Bt
3,900 to Bt 4,200 a tonne of raw material. This brings the cost of raw material to the Bt 11.71−Bt 12.61 range per litre of ethanol
produced, given a conversion rate of about 333 litres of ethanol per tonne of cassava chips [9]. The cost of the ethanol product
leaving the ethanol factory is termed ex-distillery price. It represents production cost (Bt 18.08) plus distillery profit margin (Bt 3.62).
· Water requirements and wastewater treatments/the biogass that can be generated from 300 mt per day plant
120 vs. 140 cum per hour per Stamex
· By products that can be sold or must get rid off
Infiltration of waste water into the soil. In many sites, especially those where small- and
medium-scale processors predominate, waste water is minimally treated by channeling
into shallow seepage areas, ideally situated away from natural water courses and
groundwater abstraction points.
• Storage in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons. Some of the starch factories in Brazil, India (in
Kerala), Vietnam and Thailand have built anaerobic and aerobic lagoons to treat waste
water before disposal. These units are of varying efficiency, require a large area of land
and are capital intensive. In anaerobic digestion of cassava waste, cyanide is released in
the fermentation liquor and then liberated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions.
The removal of cyanide has been shown to be sufficiently fast to maintain a cyanide
concentration in the reactor, which is non-inhibitory for methanagenic bacteria (Cuzin
and Labat, 1992).
• Anaerobic digesters. Traditionally anaerobic digestors have been used for the treatment of
agricultural wastes. These processes require large tanks or bioreactors and long retention
times of 20-25 days. Recent advances in treatment technology and knowledge of
microbial process control have led to the development of high-rate anaerobic treatment
processes, some of which are being contemplated or used by the cassava starch industry.
High-rate anaerobic treatments make use of microbial films to achieve high cell residence
time. These processes operate in low hydraulic retention time and can process large
amounts of organic material. Biofilm processes used by the industry comprise different
engineered configurations, such as fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed, recycled bed and
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). All these reactors can handle loads up to 20-
30 kg COD/m3/day). All of these processes require a relatively small reactor size, and a
vastly reduced requirement for land and capital. The following systems are frequently
used:
a. Fixed bed: (anaerobic filter, packed bed filter, packed bed, submerged filter,
stationary fixed film reactors). The principle of operation is that the support material
is also the surface for attachment of the microorganisms and can act as an entrapment
mechanism for unattached flocs. Many support types are used, including quartz,
plastic, clay, oyster shells, stones, polymer foam, activated carbon and sand.
b. Fluidized bed reactor: In this type of reactor most of the biomass is attached as films
to small-sized inert media. The biomass-covered particles are lifted (fluidized) by the
high vertical velocity of the incoming waste. Various support materials are used, such
as sand, PVC, and granular activated carbon.
c. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB): This type of reactor consists of a dense
bed of granular sludge (microorganisms) placed in a reactor that is designed to allow
upward movement of liquid waste. Waste water entering at the reactor bottom is
distributed across the cross-section and flows upward through the bed of sludge
granules retained in the system. Sufficient upflow velocities are maintained in the
reactor to facilitate sludge blanket formation and to provide a greater surface area for
contact between sludge granules and waste water.
· Anything else that is interesting
www.kfeedia.org/_down/20110802_3.ppt
Thai cassava varieties and details in Adobe PDF
http://www.tapiocathai.org/English/K1_e.html
/ HB 80/ HB 60
/ KU50
/ Rayong
http://www.tapiocathai.org/English/I1_e.html
Production Stage / With engine power / With animal power์ / With human labourFirst land preparation / Two-wheel or four-wheel tractor with mould board plough / rotary tiller / disk plough / ridge tiller / tooth plough / Wooden plough / tooth harrow / mould board / plough / Hoe
Second land preparation / Four-wheel tractor with tooth plough /disk harrow / rotary disk / ridge tiller
Planting / Planting machine* / ------/ By hand
Eradication of plant pests and diseases / Tractor-driven sprayer /Two-wheel tractor with plough / Back-packed sprayer / Back-packed sprayer / Hoe /
Blade
Fertilization / ------/ ------/ Broadcast by
hand
Hoe
Irrigation / Water pump / ------/ ------
Harvesting / Digger
Tapioca root collector*
Tapioca root transporter* / ------/ Blade
Hoe
*To be further developed and adopted.
Source : Faculty of Agriculture,
Kasetsart University
Also, Kasetsart University offers some local cassava knowledge:
http://www.cmtevents.com/speakerprofiles.aspx?ev=120212&
Dr. Klanarong Sriroth received his Doctor of Engineering in Biotechnology from The Technical University of Berlin, Germany in 1986. He was one of the key persons who established the public awareness for the significant roles of Science & Technology to the competitiveness of Thai cassava industry. Consequently, with the collaboration between National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) and Kasetsart University, Cassava and Starch Technology Research Unit, a specialized unit on cassava, was established in 1995 and he has been active as the unit director since then.
http://www.thaitapiocastarch.org/article01.asp
Sittichoke Wenlapatit
Cassava and Starch Technology Research Unit.
Kasetsart University
[National Science and Technology Development Agency.
Ministry of Science. Technology and Energy )
Klanarong Sriroth
Department of Biotechnology. Faculty of Agro-Industry. Kasetsart University
Here are some leading starch equipment makers from around the world:
ISI of Demark http://www.starch.dk/isi/starch/cassavastarch.asp
Hovex of Germany/Netherlands http://www.hovex.com/home.html
TGP of Thailand http://www.thaigermangroup.com
EBS Brazil ??
ZJSE Queyuanburu ??
per http://www.lookmach.com/news_2011-2-22/79721.html. The article was written in Chinese and the English is horrible but one gets the point:
2, the world's major cassava starch processing equipment manufacturers
Cassava starch equipment on behalf of a major manufacturer of Hovex the Netherlands, Thailand, Denmark's ISI's TGP �p �p EBS Brazil and India, China ZJSE UPE.
3, the major manufacturers of equipment technology is relatively
2005 Organization for the Advancement of African cassava can be processed per hour of cassava starch, starch equipment 3t technical data were summarized and compared.
In addition to the rate of starch, the water and power consumption is to determine the processing efficiency of the two important parameters. In this respect Denmark's ISI and the Netherlands Hovex consumption is smaller than Brazil and Thailand TGP EBS greater consumption. Refined to take part usually includes two processes centrifuge and cyclone. Brazil and Thailand TGP EBS uses a centrifuge, which used three times EBS centrifuge for sperm extraction and dehydration; and TGP by 2 centrifuge, this process can get higher quality products.
Although the essence of the Netherlands Hovex that they take part include centrifugal separation, but also in the cyclone technology, you can achieve better starch granules and fiber separation. This process proved to be achieved, will throw in a centrifuge starch and fiber, but the need to carefully control the water currents, which may cause fibers "out", especially in the cyclone separator, the fibers from the spin above the exhaust stream, and below the outflow of starch from the cyclone.