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SI Worksheet

Skeletal System

  1. Name the functions of the skeletal system.
  2. Support/Rigidity
  3. Muscle attachment
  4. Protection of body organs
  5. Bone surrounds organs
  1. The skeletal system is composed of ______and ______
  2. Bone and cartilage
  1. Cartilage consists of ______and surrounded by a gel-like

material made of ______and ______

  1. Chondrocytes
  2. Protein and fiber
  1. Bone is a ______material and contains nerves and blood vessels. The

hardness comes from ______

  1. Living
  2. Calcium carbonate
  1. Types of bone include ______and ______. Describe them.
  2. Endochondral and Membranous
  3. Endochondral bones:
  4. Bones replace cartilage in skeleton
  5. Cartilage is ossified into bone
  6. Most common type of bone
  7. Cartilage inside
  1. Membranous bones:
  2. From membranes
  3. Forms with no cartilage precursor

e.g., facial bones, most of the cranium

  1. Compare and contrast Exoskeletons and Endoskeletons
  2. Exoskeleton
  3. Hard outer layer
  4. Found on many invertebrates
  5. Has growth limitations
  6. Skeleton must be shed to facilitate growth
  7. Vulnerable during shedding process
  8. Endoskeleton
  9. Found in vertebrates
  10. Most bones internally located
  11. Can grow and function without shedding
  12. Some vertebrates mimic having an exoskeleton
  13. Pseudo exoskeleton (e.g., turtles), armor of primitive fish, armadillo
  1. Give one example of a pseudo exoskeleton in vertebrates.
  2. Turtles, armadillo, primitive fish armor
  1. The ______skeleton includes the vertebrae, cranium, ribs, and

sternum. The ______skeleton includes girdles and limbs.

  1. Axial and Appendicular
  1. True / False Fish vertebrae do not interlock
  2. True
  1. True / False Amphibians display increased ossification, but less specialization of the vertebral column compared to fish
  2. False (both more ossified and more specialized)
  1. ______have the most cranial bones, which allows for greater cranial

______

  1. Fish
  2. kinesis
  1. Reptile vertebrae display more ______for support out of

______

  1. interlocking, water
  1. Bird skulls are similar to ______, but are ______fragile.
  2. Diapsid reptiles
  3. more
  1. What is the beak?
  2. Beak is primarily elongated premaxilla and dentary bones
  1. Fish have upaired medial fins for ______
  2. stabilization
  1. Describe the girdles found in fish
  2. Girdles poorly developed, provide fin support, generally not connected to vertebral column
  3. Small pelvic girdle with fins for limbs
  4. Better developed pectoral girdle with fins for limbs
  1. Describe the girdles found in tetrapods
  2. Pelvic girdle firmly connected to vertebral column (especially in birds where bones fuse)
  3. Pectoral girdle becomes well developed, but does not become fused to vertebral column
  1. The basic pattern of vertebrae is ______digits, though many amphibians have ______
  2. 5 and 4
  1. True / False Climbers generally have longer bones.
  2. False
  1. Name the two main innovations in the skeleton for locomotion, (i.e. such as going from _____ to _____)
  2. Swimming to walking – new niches be invaded
  3. Sprawling limbs to limbs under the body – more efficient and rapid movement.
  1. ______of fish jaws allow for tremendous movement and diversification
  2. Multiple articulation points
  1. Evolution of ______articulation from articular-

quadrate allowed other jaw bones to be used for ______

  1. squamosal-dentary
  2. sensing vibrations
  1. What is unique about the snake jaw?
  2. Much of jaw unfused, allowing snakes to disconnect (unhinge) jaw bones and ingest prey larger than their head!