Chapter 15
SENSORY, MOTOR, AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS
Outline and Objectives
INTRODUCTION
1. Provide an overview of the three basic functions of the sensory, motor, and integrative systems of the nervous system.
SENSATION
2. Define and compare sensation and perception.
Modality
3. Define sensory modality, give examples, and indicate the unique relationship to impulses transmitted along specific pathways.
Components of a Sensation
4. Generally examine the four requisite events for a stimulus to become a sensation.
Sensory Receptors
Classification of Sensory Receptors
5. Describe the classification of receptors in terms of association with general or special systems, location, and stimulus type.
Adaptation of Sensory Receptors
6. State what is meant by adaptation of receptors and provide examples of slow and rapidly adapting receptors.
SOMATIC SENSATIONS
7. Note the general location and nature of somatic receptors.
8. Identify the cutaneous sensation modalities.
Tactile Sensations
9. Identify the tactile sensations, how they are detected, and the receptors involved.
Touch
10. Describe the touch receptors and how they respond to a stimulus.
Pressure and Vibration
11. Define and compare the sensations of pressure and vibration.
Itch and Tickle
12. Define and compare the sensations of itch and tickle.
Thermal Sensations
13. Identify the thermal sensations, their receptors, and the receptor locations.
Pain Sensations
14. Describe the function of pain.
15. Identify the pain receptors, their location, and what stimulates them.
Types of Pain
16. Distinguish between fast and slow pain and among superficial somatic, deep somatic, and visceral pain.
Localization of Pain
17. Discuss the localization of pain, including referred pain and phantom limb pain.
18. Describe how analgesic drugs provide relief from pain.
Proprioceptive Sensations
19. Identify the types of proprioception and indicate their neural pathways, areas of CNS processing, and function.
Muscle Spindles
20. Describe the architecture and reflexive operation of the muscle spindle apparatus with its four neural links to the CNS and skeletal muscle.
Tendon Organs
21. Describe the architecture and reflexive operation of the tendon organs with their neural links to the CNS and skeletal muscle.
Joint Kinesthetic Receptors
22. Discuss the location, nature, and purpose of joint kinesthetic receptors.
SOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAYS
23. Discuss the general neuronal components of the somatic sensory pathways from receptors to cerebral cortex.
Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex
24. Discuss the neuronal components and functions of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway.
Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex
25. Discuss the neuronal components and functions of the anterolateral pathway.
Somatosensory Cortex
26. Demonstrate the relationship of topographic location and proportion of sensory representation on the cortical surface with receptor density on the body surface.
Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum
27. Describe the neural paths that lead from receptors to the cerebellum and how they are structurally different from the spinothalamic tracts.
28. Discuss how Treponema pallidum impacts the operation of the spinocerebellar tract.
SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS
29. List the brain regions primarily involved in motor activity.
Motor Cortex
30. Point out the cortical areas that contribute to conscious output for direct control of muscle movements.
31. Describe the relationship between the number of motor units going to an area of the body and the amount of surface area (number of related neurons) of the primary motor cortex that controls that body part.
Direct Pathways
32. Illustrate the neural pathway segments of three major representations of the descending pyramidal-corticospinal tract and indicate their distinctive functions.
33. Describe the difference in paralysis symptoms with damage to upper versus lower motor neurons.
Indirect Pathways
34. List the central nervous system components that are involved with processing of motor information of the extrapyramidal pathways and the tracts of the spinal cord where they connect.
Basal Ganglia
35. Explain how the basal ganglia are involved in motor responses.
Cerebellum
36. Discuss the four principle operations of the cerebellum in the coordination of conscious and subconscious skilled muscle movements.
INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS
37. List the major integrative functions of the cerebrum.
Wakefulness and Sleep
38. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the wakefulness and sleep cycle.
Reticular Activating System
39. Describe the role of the reticular activating system in arousal and consciousness.
40. Discuss the cause, characteristics, and possible consequences of coma.
Sleep
41. Discuss the characteristics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and the difference compared to the stages of non-REM sleep.
Learning and Memory
42. Show how learning and memory are related and the areas of the brain that are though to be involved.
43. Examine the theoretical mechanisms of short-term and long-term memory.
DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
44. Discuss spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson disease in terms of cause, symptoms, and prognosis.
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
45. Define the medical terminology associated with the sensory, motor, and integrative systems.