Supporting Table 1: Data used in this study. Average feeding time and mass data follow Ross, Washingtonet al. (2009), with references reproduced here. Entries with multiple references represent averages among those references. Body mass estimates for extinct hominins used the splitting taxonomy” of Robson and Wood (2008) and relied on postcrania and orbit data (on dental characters). Question marks indicate that data were unavailable.
Species Name / Time feeding (%) / C' (C'=log(C/100-C) / Body Wgt (kg) / m2*** mesio-distal length (mm) / m2*** Bucco-lingual breadth (mm) / M2 area / feeding Time/Mass Sources / Molar Ref***Strepsirrhini
Avahi laniger / 17.2 / -0.682502 / 1.175 / 13.11 / (Overdorff, Strait et al. 1997) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Eulemur fulvus / 21.4 / -0.565009 / 2.038 / 31.46 / (Sussman 1977) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Eulemur mongoz / 9 / -1.004799 / 1.62 / 26.07 / (Curtis 2004) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Hapalemur griseus / 29.8 / -0.372121 / 0.987 / 18.62 / (Overdorff, Strait et al. 1997) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Indri indri / 38 / -0.212608 / 6.335 / 44.23 / (Pollock 1977) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Lemur catta / 30.5 / -0.357685 / 2.21 / 24.99 / (Sussman 1977) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Lepilemur leucopus / 33 / -0.307561 / 0.606 / 9.77 / (Nash 1998) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Lepilemur mustelinus / 15 / -0.753328 / 0.777 / 12.76 / (Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Loris tardigradus / 0.8 / -2.093422 / 0.267 / 9.41 / (Nekaris 2001) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Propithecus diadema / 25 / -0.477121 / 6.1 / 42.1 / (Kelley and Mayor 2002) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Propithecus verreauxi / 28.5 / -0.399461 / 3.1 / 33.99 / (Richard 1977) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Varecia variegata / 21.7 / -0.557302 / 3.49 / 40.9 / (Britt 2000) / (Vinyard and Hanna 2005)
Cercopithecidae
Cercocebus galeritus / 48 / -0.034762 / 7.435 / 7.37 / 6.25 / 46.0625 / (Kinnaird 1990) / (Plavcan 1990)
Cercopithecus l’hoesti / 45.1 / -0.085396 / 4.71 / 6.87 / 5.49 / 37.7163 / (Kaplan and Moermond 2000) / (Plavcan 1990)
Chlorocebus aethiops / 31 / -0.347487 / 4.24 / 6.25 / 5.1 / 31.875 / (Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977) / (Swindler 2002)
Colobus angolensis / 34.115 / -0.285841 / 8.625 / ? / ? / ? / (Korstjens and Dunbar 2007) / (Ciochon and Fleagle 1987)
Colobus guereza / 22.5 / -0.537119 / 13.5 / 7.42 / 6.27 / 46.5234 / (Korstjens and Dunbar 2007) / (Plavcan 1990)
Colobus polykomos / 29.48 / -0.378785 / 9.1 / 7.41 / 6.45 / 47.7945 / (Korstjens and Dunbar 2007) / (Plavcan 1990)
Erythrocebus patas / 30 / -0.367977 / 9.45 / 7.9 / 6.33 / 50.007 / (Nakagawa 1989) / (Plavcan 1990)
Lophocebus albigena / 40 / -0.176091 / 7.135 / 7.35 / 6.56 / 48.216 / (Poulsen, Clark et al. 2001) / (Plavcan 1990)
Macaca fascicularis / 34 / -0.288065 / 4.475 / 7.21 / 5.68 / 40.9528 / (Raemaekers and Chivers 1980; Shaffer and Sussman 2005) / (Plavcan 1990)
Macaca fuscata / 38 / -0.212608 / 9.515 / 8.95 / 7.42 / 66.409 / (Hanya 2004) / (Plavcan 1990)
Macaca nigra / 23.6 / -0.510181 / 7.68 / 8.13 / 6.8 / 55.284 / (O’Brien and Kinnaird 1997) / (Plavcan 1990)
Macaca radiata / 30 / -0.367977 / 5.26 / ? / ? / ? / (Singh and Vinathe 1990) / (Plavcan 1990)
Papio anubis / 50.6 / 0.010424 / 17.825 / 12.72 / 10.53 / 133.9416 / (Eley, Strum et al. 1989) / (Plavcan 1990)
Papio cynocephalus / 40 / -0.176091 / 15.263 / 9.91 / 8.28 / 82.0548 / (Hill 1999) / (Plavcan 1990)
Papio hamadryas / 30 / -0.367977 / 13.4 / 12.24 / 9.65 / 118.116 / (Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977) / (Plavcan 1990)
Presbytis comata / 30 / -0.367977 / 6.695 / 6.03 / 5.42 / 32.6826 / (Ruhiyat 1983) / (Plavcan 1990)
Presbytis melalophos / 33 / -0.307561 / 6.53 / 5.78 / 5.07 / 29.3046 / (Chivers 1980) / (Plavcan 1990)
Piliocolobus badius / 35 / -0.268845 / 8.285 / 7.35 / 5.73 / 42.1155 / (Fashing 2006; Korstjens and Dunbar 2007) / (Swindler 2002)
Rhinopithecus bieti^ / 35 / -0.268845 / 12.48 / ? / ? / ? / (Ding and Zhao 2004) / (Swindler 2002)
Semnopithecus entellus / 36 / -0.249877 / 12.533 / 8.83 / 7.42 / 65.5186 / (Koenig, Borries et al. 1997; Sayers and Norconk 2008) / (Plavcan 1990)
Theropithecus gelada / 47.7 / -0.039983 / 15.35 / 12.33 / 9.14 / 112.6962 / (Iwamoto and Dunbar 1983) / (Plavcan 1990)
Trachypithecus cristatus / 27.2 / -0.427562 / 6.185 / 7.47 / 6.28 / 46.9116 / (Brotoisworo and Dirgayusa 1991) / (Plavcan 1990)
Trachypithecus francoisi / 23.1 / -0.522314 / 7.525 / 6.71 / 5.66 / 37.9786 / (Zhou, Wei et al. 2007) / (Plavcan 1990)
Trachypithecus johnii / 31 / -0.347487 / 11.6 / ? / ? / ? / (Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977) / (Plavcan 1990)
Trachypithecus obscura / 34 / -0.288065 / 7.08 / 6.7 / 5.45 / 36.515 / (Chivers 1980) / (Plavcan 1990)
Platyrrhini and Tarsius
Alouatta caraya / 19 / -0.629731 / 5.375 / 7.24 / 5.75 / 41.63 / (Bravo and Sallenave 2003) / (Plavcan 1990)
Alouatta palliata / 18.5 / -0.643986 / 6.24 / 7.88 / 6.11 / 48.1468 / (Milton 1980) / (Plavcan 1990)
Alouatta pigra / 18.6 / -0.641111 / 8.915 / 7.76 / 5.59 / 43.3784 / (Pavelka and Knopff 2004) / (Plavcan 1990)
Alouatta seniculus / 12.7 / -0.837211 / 6.087 / 7.85 / 6.21 / 48.7485 / (Gaulin and Gaulin 1982) / (Plavcan 1990)
Aotus azarae / 31.7 / -0.333361 / 1.21 / 3.32 / 2.95 / 9.794 / (Garcia and Braza 1987) / (Plavcan 1990)
Aotus trivirgatus / 28.8 / -0.393088 / 0.775 / 3.25 / 2.91 / 9.4575 / (Key and Ross 1999) / (Plavcan 1990)
Ateles belzebuth / 23.3 / -0.517439 / 8.07 / 5.2 / 5.3 / 27.56 / (Korstjens and Dunbar 2007) / (Rosenberger 1992)
Ateles geoffroyi / 29.9 / -0.370047 / 7.535 / 5.29 / 5.09 / 26.9261 / (Korstjens and Dunbar 2007) / (Plavcan 1990)
Ateles paniscus / 24.4 / -0.491132 / 8.78 / 5.38 / 4.85 / 26.093 / (Korstjens and Dunbar 2007) / (Plavcan 1990)
Brachyteles arachnoides / 23.4 / -0.515013 / 8.84 / 7.48 / 5.97 / 44.6556 / (Milton 1984; Strier 1987) / (Plavcan 1990)
Callicebus moloch / 23 / -0.524763 / 0.988 / 3.52 / 3.2 / 11.264 / (Terborgh 1983) / (Plavcan 1990)
Callicebus torquatus / 26 / -0.454258 / 1.245 / 3.63 / 3.27 / 11.8701 / (Wright 1986) / (Plavcan 1990)
Callimico goeldii / 12 / -0.865301 / 0.484 / 3 / 2.5 / 7.5 / (Porter 2001; Porter 2004) / (Rosenberger 1992)
Callithrix aurita / 11.5 / -0.886245 / 0.429 / ? / ? / ? / (Digby, Ferrari et al. 2006)
Callithrix geoffroyi / 21 / -0.575408 / 0.359 / ? / ? / ? / (Digby, Ferrari et al. 2006)
Callithrix jacchus / 27 / -0.431959 / 0.372 / 1.92 / 1.66 / 3.1872 / (Alonso and Langguth 1989) / (Plavcan 1990)
Callithrix kuhlii / 23 / -0.524763 / 0.375 / ? / ? / ? / (Digby, Ferrari et al. 2006)
Callithrix penicillata / 16.5 / -0.704203 / 0.326 / 2 / 1.81 / 3.62 / (Vilela and Faria 2004) / (Plavcan 1990)
Cebus albifrons / 22 / -0.549672 / 2.735 / ? / ? / ? / (Terborgh 1983) / (Plavcan 1990)
Cebus apella / 24.3 / -0.49349 / 3.085 / 4.45 / 4.45 / 19.8025 / (Janson 1985) / (Plavcan 1990)
Cebus capucinus / 40 / -0.176091 / 3.11 / 4.32 / 4.32 / 18.6624 / (Rose 1999) / (Plavcan 1990)
Cebus olivaceus / 18 / -0.658541 / 2.905 / ? / ? / ? / (Robinson 1986) / (Plavcan 1990)
Lagothrix lagotricha / 22.4 / -0.539614 / 7.15 / 5.95 / 5.5 / 32.725 / (Derfler 1995; Di Fiore and Rodman 2001) / (Plavcan 1990)
Leontopithecus chrysomelas / 24 / -0.500602 / 0.578 / 2.6 / 2.2 / 5.72 / (Rylands 1989) / (Rosenberger 1992)
Leontopithecus chrysopygus / 8 / -1.060698 / 0.575 / 2.7 / 2.4 / 6.48 / (Digby, Ferrari et al. 2006) / (Rosenberger 1992)
Leontopithecus rosalia / 14.5 / -0.770598 / 0.609 / 2.86 / 2.36 / 6.7496 / (Digby, Ferrari et al. 2006) / (Plavcan 1990)
Saguinus mystax / 13.1 / -0.821748 / 0.525 / ? / ? / ? / (Garber 1988)
Saimiri sciureus / 11 / -0.907997 / 0.721 / 2.51 / 2.5 / 6.275 / (Terborgh 1983) / (Plavcan 1990)
Tarsius spectrum / 6.7 / -1.143807 / 0.117 / 2.8 / 2.5 / 7 / (Gursky 1997) / (Swindler 2002)
Hominoidea
Gorilla gorilla / 54.2 / 0.073134 / 124.68 / 17.28 / 14.88 / 257.1264 / (Lehmann, Korstjens et al. 2008) / (Plavcan 1990)
Hylobates agilis / 36 / -0.249877 / 5.85 / 6.3 / 5.5 / 34.65 / (Gittens and Raemaekers 1980) / (Swindler 2002)
Hylobates lar / 42 / -0.140179 / 5.62 / 6.67 / 5.69 / 37.9523 / (Raemaekers 1979) / (Plavcan 1990)
Hylobates pileatus / 26 / -0.454258 / 5.47 / 6.35 / 5.42 / 34.417 / (Chivers 1985) / (Plavcan 1990)
Symphalangus syndactylus / 52.5 / 0.043466 / 11.3 / 8.92 / 7.04 / 62.7968 / (Raemaekers 1979; Chivers 1985) / (Plavcan 1990)
Pantroglodytes schweinfurthii / 37.5 / -0.221849 / 38.2 / 11.87 / 10.51 / 124.7537 / (Hunt 1989) / (Plavcan 1990)
Pongo pygmaeus / 55 / 0.08715 / 57.15 / 13.78 / 12.67 / 174.5926 / (Fox, van Schaik et al. 2004) / (Plavcan 1990)
Hominini
Ardipithecus ramidus / ? / ? / 40 / 13 / 11.9 / 154.7 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Brunet, Guy et al. 2002)
Australopithecus africanus / ? / ? / 34 / 14.9 / 14.1 / 210.09 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Wood and Collard 1999)
Australopithecus anamensis / ? / ? / 42 / 14.1 / 13.5 / 190.35 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Brunet, Guy et al. 2002)
Australopithecus garhi / ? / ? / ? / ? / ? / ?
Homo ergaster (erectus) / ? / ? / 64 / 13.8 / 12.3 / 169.74 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Wood and Collard 1999)
Homo habilis / ? / ? / 33 / 14.9 / 12.6 / 187.74 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Wood and Collard 1999)
Homo rudolfensis / ? / ? / 55 / 16.4 / 13.7 / 224.68 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Wood and Collard 1999)
Homo sapiens* / 4.7 / -1.306995 / 61.17 / 11.4 / 10.5 / 113.4 / (See Supporting Table 2) / (Plavcan 1990)
Homo neanderthalensis / ? / ? / 72 / 11.1 / 10.7 / 118.77 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Wood and Collard 1999)
Kenyanthropus platyops / ? / ? / ? / 13.9 / 12.2 / 169.58 / (Leakey, Spoor et al. 2001)
Paranthropus aethiopicus / ? / ? / 38 / ? / ? / ? / (Robson and Wood 2008)
Paranthropus boisei / ? / ? / 41 / 20.4 / 18.5 / 377.4 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Wood and Collard 1999)
Paranthropus robustus / ? / ? / 36 / 16.6 / 15.7 / 260.62 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Wood and Collard 1999)
Australopithecus afarensis / ? / ? / 38 / 14.3 / 13.5 / 193.05 / (Robson and Wood 2008) / (Brunet, Guy et al. 2002)
Sahelanthropus tchadensis / ? / ? / ? / 12.5 / 12.8 / 160 / (Brunet, Guy et al. 2002)
* See Supporting Table 2 below for tabulation of human feeding time data.
*** Mean of male and female. If no data were available from the mandible, maxillary measurements were used.
^ Synonym: Pygathrix bieti, molar data from P. nemaeus
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