Index
A / an v. one; 98
Accessibility; 79; 80; 82; 89
Active v. passive; 67
Addressor v. coherence, addressee-oriented; 351
Adjective, epithetical (epithet); 139
contrastive v. non-contrastive; 138; 139
epithetical, pre- v. post- positioning; 138; 139
post-positioning for grandiose effect in English; 138
post-positioning of epithets of classifiers; 138
Adjuncts; 161
Adverb, modal; 120; 125
Allen, Woody; 16; 39
Allusion; 307
Ambiguity, avoidance of; 92; 160; 357
Anaphor; 59
anaphoric
islands; 62
nouns; 237
peninsulas; 62
associative; 62
in generative linguistics; 71
metaphorical; 225
Anaphora; 13; 65
definition of; 59
donkey; 36
negative; 86; 232
rhetorical; 18
v. coreference; 37
And / or, retrospective use of; 165
Anderson, R.C.; 38; 220; 333
Antecedent; 37; 59
trigger; 60
Antonym; 232; 246; 267; 275; 278
Aphasia; 43
Apodosis; 124
Appell and Darstellung; 358
Aristotle; 36; 262
Artificial intelligence; 312
Aspect; 145
Associates; 242
Association; 244
anti-association; 251
v. collocation; 255
Associationalism; 353
Austin, J.L.; 210
Barber, Malcolm; 187
Barlett, F.C.; 46; 318
Bates, H.E.; 113
Battye, A. et al.; 319
Baugh A.C. and Cable, T.; 68; 127
Be
and have as substitutes; 114, 116
used with supplementary do; 114
Bedford, Dean; 106
Behaviourism; 353
Belletti, A.; 148
Berlin, B. and Kay, P.; 250
Bhatia, V.K.; 44; 71; 307
Bidden, John; 164
Blake, William; 163
Bloomfield, L.; 32
Bloor M. and Bloor T.; 162
Bolinger, D.; 244
Bonding; 297
and coherence; 305
bonded sentences, distance between; 305
Bowie, David; 137
Brain event; 56
Branco, A.; 10
Brooke, Rupert; 65
Brown, D.E.; 250
Brown, G. and Gilman, A.; 68
Brown, G. and Yule, G.; 34; 38; 46; 61; 81; 318; 332
Bühler, K.; 358
Canadian Hansard Treebank; 204
Carrell, P.; 32; 246; 265
Carroll, Lewis; 11; 118; 126; 151; 209
Carter, R. and McCarthy, M.; 241
Cataphora; 60; 65
structural; 82
Centering theory; 226; 335
Central determiner; 74; 88
Central sentences
as summaries; 296
v. marginal sentences; 292
Centrality, measurement of; 293
Chain
identity; 60; 69; 263; 265; 345
of reference; 60
similarity; 263; 264
co-classification; 264
co-extension; 264
Chalmers, D.J.; 353
Chambers, William and Chambers, Robert; 188; 189
Channel v. medium; 34
Charles-Brown, Timothy; 196
Chiaro, D.; 165; 322
Chinese characters; 47
Chomsky, N.; 10; 39; 42; 71; 103; 127; 146; 224; 240; 249; 251; 356
Christiansen, T.W.; 9; 11; 12; 13; 19; 33; 53; 56; 61; 63; 69; 71; 75; 80; 96; 100; 101; 105; 106; 107; 109; 111; 114; 118; 123; 124; 127; 133; 137; 139; 145; 148; 152; 172; 173; 178; 180; 181; 182; 184; 185; 187; 189; 192; 193; 194; 195; 200; 202; 203; 204; 205; 206; 207; 208; 216; 221; 226; 227; 238; 239; 242; 251; 253; 256; 259; 264; 285; 287; 313; 314; 315; 316; 318; 319; 321; 322; 323; 324; 326; 346; 349; 350; 351
Christie, Agatha; 66
Churchill, Winston; 18; 67
Clause
as message; 312
as representation; 347
complex; 26
general; 156
modal element of; 149
mood structure of; 149; 312
relative, restrictive v. non- restrictive; 327
representational function of; 57
transitivity structure of; 312
Clear, J.H.; 241
Clitic; 104; 118
v. pronouns; 118
Coding determinants of prominence ranking; 226; 280
Cognitive science; 352
Coherence; 15; 33; 46; 272
addressee-oriented; 33; 246
addressor-oriented; 33; 246
assumption of; 318
creation of; 308
degrees of; 43
(See also Parallelism and coherence)
Cohesion
as cross-referencing; 310
cohesive
and structural ties; 29
harmony; 70; 265; 269; 285
markers used to highlight different elements of the discourse; 358
inevitablity of; 352; 353
intersentential; 25; 27
intrasentential; 25; 26
semblance of; 44; 47; 308
submerged / unwanted; 282; 283; 284; 286; 288; 310; 356
v. coherence; 13; 32; 43; 246; 263; 265; 266; 309; 311; 349; 352; 353; 358
v. retrievability; 329
Colligation; 255
colligational patterns; 249
Collins Cobuild English LanguageDictionary; 76
Collocation; 269; 354
anti-collocation; 251
collocability, continuum of; 242
size; 244
upward v. downward; 241
Colour, perception of; 250
Common terms; 323
Communication
asymmetry of; 36
degrees of; 43
Communicative dynamism; 44; 158; 236; 329
Comparison,
general; 87
particular; 88
Complementarity; 246; 354
complementaries; 246
Complementiser; 30; 75; 120
Conjunction
coordinates; 165
coordinating; 164
exophoric; 163
external v. internal; 166; 167; 212
if; 124
in pedagogic grammar; 162
intrasentential, non-cohesive use of; 165
Conjunctive force; 210; 211; 212
Connectivism; 353
Connotation; 248
Context models; 248
Context, cultural; 45; 246; 251; 307; 311; 319; 320; 346; 354; 356; 357; 358
Contextual configuration; 265
Conventional devices in discourse; 309
Conversational implicature; 28
Conversational maxims; 221; 357
quality and manner; 325
Converses; 246
Cooper, R.; 37
Cooperative principle; 159
Coordinates
(See Conjunction)
Co-reference
composite effect of; 220
repetition; 231
(See also Anaphora)
Cornish, F.; 10; 12; 13; 34; 37; 38; 54; 55; 60; 62; 63; 79; 104; 226; 280; 320; 335; 349
Corpus linguistics; 270
Corsini, R.; 249
Coulthard, M.; 26
Counter-coding; 209
Crosby, Bing; 97
Cruttenden, A.; 206; 208
Crystal, D.; 16; 92; 358
Daneš, F.; 72
Darwin, Charles; 166; 171; 172; 174; 176; 177; 181; 185; 190; 197; 198
Davis, Jimmie; 263
De Beaugrande, R. and Dressler, W.U.; 332
De Saussure, .; 216; 317
Definiteness; 55; 78; 79; 81; 82; 83; 315; 317; 321; 324; 357
v. specificity; 55
Defoe, Daniel; 69
Deixis; 63; 72
discourse; 54; 71; 74; 92; 111; 121; 162; 167; 198; 216; 307
psychological distance; 77; 78; 79; 80
spatial; 72
v. representation; 316
Demonstrative
spatial; 73
temporal; 73
(See also Determiner)
Denotation; 323
Derrida, J.; 86; 250; 320
Description v. deixis; 66
Designation; 216; 217
v. identification; 53; 61
v. informative function; 327
(See also Reference)
Determiner
demonstrative v. pronoun; 143
the upgraded to that; 143; 236
non-specific; 139
possessive; 66
specific; 139
Determiner phrase (DP) theory; 148
Différance v. différence; 86; 250
Discourse
argumentative; 211
as interaction; 354
cross-cultural; 127
in immigration domains; 358
diexis
(See Deixis)
legal; 48; 71; 92; 128; 160; 213; 222; 244; 267; 286; 307
specialised; 92; 128; 142; 160; 213; 267; 286; 297
v. text; 13; 34; 35; 36; 37; 330; 347; 349; 351; 353
Disquotation, indirect; 337
Distinction v. description; 327
Do,
supplementary (dummy auxiliary); 114; 152
(See also Be used with supplemnetary do; Ellipsis of emphatic do; Substitute do)
Donnellan, K.; 222
Dropping; 100; 157
indefinite-article; 103
pronoun; 103; 240; 356
Duplication; 99; 107; 299
Eco, U.; 83; 281
Economy, principle of; 131; 160; 222; 286; 319; 320; 328; 330; 337; 343; 345; 347
Effetto copia (copy effect); 224
Egyptian hieroglyphics; 47
Einstein, Albert; 165
Elaboration; 162; 266
Elegant variation; 135; 136; 326
Ellipsis
and conditional clauses, impossibility of; 155
and emphatic do; 117
exophoric; 115; 133; 134; 150; 157; 160; 236
head alone, ellipsis of; 142
lexical; 147
motivation for; 157
operator; 147
subject; 150
v. substitution, similarities between; 131
verbal, clauses in which it cannot occur; 153
verbal, patterns of; 148
Emmott, C.; 38; 60; 61
Emoticon; 46
Emphasis; 109
Encoding; 47; 274
encoding and interpretation; 48
encoding v. inference; 13; 47
Endophora; 13
English, varieties of
American
(See US)
as a Lingua Franca (ELF); 127; 213; 358
Early Modern; 84; 117
Irish varieties; 71
Middle; 127
Nigerian Pidgin; 355; 356
Old; 85; 334
Scottish and North of England; 230
US; 113; 150
Enhancement; 162; 266
Enkvist, N.; 42; 43; 44; 45; 47; 266
Epithet; 316
attitudinal; 238; 239; 240
Equivalence; 230; 240
Espacement; 250; 320
Exophora; 13; 64
Expansion
discoursal; 308
lexical; 308
Expressive conciseness; 141
Extension; 162; 266
Extensionality v. extensity; 321
Extra-discoursal relations; 39
Fairclough, N.; 44
Faraclas, N.; 355
Feldman, R. and Sanger, J.; 270
Feynman, Richard; 343
Field (register); 252
Field, lexical / semantic; 247
Field, H.; 352
Fields, W.C.; 104
Firbas, J.; 44; 158; 328; 329; 334
Firth, J.R.; 241; 244
Fodor, J.A.; 352
Fodor, J.A. and Pylyshyn, Z.W.; 352
Forey, G. and Thompson, G.; 31
Formal repetition, avoidance of; 96; 159; 226; 230; 319; 320; 326; 329; 330; 331; 345; 346; 347
Fowler, H.; 135; 136; 326
Francis, G.; 11; 237
Frascarelli, Mara; 198
French (language); 67; 68; 80; 100; 105; 136; 138; 154; 275
General word (noun); 234
Generality, hierarchy of; 237; 238
Generative grammar; 40; 56; 103; 146; 148; 224
Genetive case in English; 140
Gibson, E.; 40
Gilmore Simms, William; 126
Gitsaki, C.; 241
Godard, Jean-Luc; 311
Gotti, M.; 44; 71; 72; 92; 128; 141; 142; 160; 210; 213; 215; 222; 267; 286
Gowers, E., E.; 26; 28
Grabe, E.; 206
Grammatical categories, hierarchy of; 40
Grammatical gender, mismatch with biological sex; 69
Green, Anna Katharine; 186
Grice, H.P.; 28; 151; 159; 221; 314; 325; 332; 357
Grosz, B.J. et al.; 79
Guido, M.G.; 127; 357; 358
Guthrie, S.E.; 46
Hadas, Moses; 146
Hajicová, E. and Vrbová, J.; 334
Halliday, M.A.K, MacIntosh, A. and Strevens, P.; 32
Halliday, M.A.K, Teubert, W. and Yallop, C.; 255
Halliday, M.A.K.; 10; 26; 32; 37; 39; 56; 57; 58; 119; 131; 149; 151; 158; 161; 162; 163; 208; 215; 232; 239; 241; 242; 246; 263; 266; 275; 312; 314; 315; 347; 352; 353; 354
Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R.; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 15; 16; 18; 19; 30; 31; 32; 33; 37; 39; 40; 41; 42; 49; 51; 53; 54; 58; 59; 60; 61; 63; 64; 65; 66; 71; 74; 76; 77; 79; 80; 82; 83; 85; 87; 88; 90; 91; 96; 98; 99; 100; 101; 102; 106; 110; 112; 113; 114; 115; 116; 117; 118; 121; 122; 123; 125; 126; 131; 133; 139; 142; 143; 145; 147; 148; 149; 153; 154; 161; 162; 163; 164; 165; 167; 168; 169; 170; 172; 173; 175; 176; 177; 179; 180; 183; 189; 190; 191; 200; 201; 202; 203; 205; 206; 207; 208; 209; 210; 211; 212; 215; 217; 218; 221; 228; 231; 234; 235; 236; 237; 238; 240; 245; 246; 247; 252; 261; 262; 263; 265; 266; 267; 268; 269; 270; 273; 274; 275; 281; 284; 311; 319; 349; 350; 351
Harris, J.; 81
Hasan, R.; 10; 42; 69; 70; 246; 264; 269; 276; 334
Have
as a lexical verb; 114
(See also Be and have as substitutes)
Hedging devices; 203
Heim, I.; 37
Herbert, George; 108
Hickey, L.; 109
Hockett, C.F.; 33
Hoey, M.; 11; 12; 26; 32; 33; 40; 41; 42; 48; 53; 60; 166; 217; 230; 231; 247; 248; 249; 250; 255; 266; 268; 269; 270; 271; 273; 274; 275; 277; 278; 279; 281; 282; 283; 285; 287; 292; 296; 297; 298; 300; 305; 306; 307; 308; 309; 310; 311; 312; 319; 347; 349; 351; 354; 356
Holonym; 246
Homophora; 83
Housman, A.E.; 73; 84; 229; 245
Huang, J.; 240
Hughes, John; 98
Humanisation; 66; 67
Hume, A.; 71
Hyland, Brian; 138
Hyland, K.; 203
Hyponym and superordinate, order of; 278
Identifiability; 79; 80; 82; 89
Identity and sameness; 315
Idiom principle; 249; 307
Implicature; 309
Incoherence; 43
Inference; 47; 56
Inflection phrase; 148
inflectional languages; 69
Information
information filter; 325
information structure; 11; 31; 41; 312; 319
information, given v. new; 80
Informative function; 12; 226; 313; 320; 326; 328; 330; 331; 337; 338; 342; 345; 347; 351
v. formal repetition, avoidance of; 331
v. principle of economy; 337
Informativeness, degrees of; 328; 345
Inherent essentialism; 250
Instantial equivalence; 231; 277
Intensifier; 117; 119
Interactional meaning; 312
Interlanguage; 128; 134
Interpretation; 35; 36
models of; 38
Introduction, linear order of; 280
Irony; 209
It
used non-endophorically and non-deitically; 99
v. this v. that; 72
Italian (language); 67; 68; 69; 80; 103; 104; 105; 118; 127; 136; 138; 240; 317; 356
Jackson, H.; 248
Jakobson, R.; 18; 297
Japanese (language); 103; 357
Jay-Z; 227
Jenkins, J.; 358
Jerome, Jerome K.; 122; 125
Jesperson, Oscar; 273
Johnson Post, Charles and Cosmas, Graham A.; 147
Joyce, P.W.; 31; 71
Julius Caesar; 18
‘Just a Minute’; 102; 106; 107; 133; 172; 173; 178; 180; 181; 182; 184; 185; 187; 189; 192; 193; 194; 195; 202; 203; 204; 205; 206; 207; 208; 238; 242; 252; 256; 259; 260; 285; 322; 326
Katz, J.J. and Fodor, J.A.; 39
Kayne, R.S.; 148
Keil, F.C.; 62; 250
Kempson, R.M.; 79
King James Bible; 84
Kjellmer, G.; 242
Klein-Andreu, F.; 138; 139
Korean (language); 357
Korzen, I; 224; 315; 321
Kripke, S.; 342
Labelling; 316
Lakoff, G.; 39; 250
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M.; 36; 72; 309; 346
Lancaster/IBM Spoken English Corpus; 204
Landor, Walter Savage; 84
Language
as a means of representation; 346
spoken v. written; 215
v. perception in general; 346
Language of Thought (Mentalese); 353
Lasnik, H.; 12; 139; 225; 240; 320
Latin (language); 80; 84; 275
Lawson, Henry; 251
Leech, G.; 32; 62
Lenehan, Linda; 134
Lennon, John and McCartney, Paul; 251
Leone, Sergio; 106
Lepschy, A.L. and Lepschy, G.; 356
Levinson, S.C.; 37; 71; 355
Lexeme; 323
Link
putative; 279
relative strength of; 297; 298
v. tie; 273
Linktriangle; 279
Locke, J.; 55
Logographic writing systems; 47
Louw, B.; 248
Lucas, Sabine; 193
Lyons, C.; 55; 72; 79; 81; 98; 315; 357
Lyons, J.; 17; 34; 55; 79; 216; 246; 315; 323; 358
Maclaren, R.; 55
Macro-speech act;
(See Speech act)
Macro-structure;
(See Structure)
Mahan, A. T.; 188; 189; 190; 194; 195; 196; 197; 199; 235
Maiden, M.; 118
Malapropism; 321
Mansfield, Katherine; 97
Matching and sequencing; 309
Matté, James Allan; 143
Matthiessen, C.M.I.M.; 10
McArthur, T.; 355; 356; 358
McCarthy, M.; 72
McCoy, Horace; 225
McKay, D.G. and Fulkerson, D.C.; 319
Meaning; 32
effort after; 46
functional components of; 312
representational; 312
three functional components of; 56
Mentalese
(See Language of thought)
Meronymy; 140; 233; 246; 262
Metaculture; 250
Metafunction
experiential; 57; 252
ideational; 57; 312
interpersonal; 312
logical; 57
textual; 312
Metaphor, conceptual; 36
Metathesis; 321
Metonymy; 246
Mill, J.S.; 323
Miller, David; 106
Misplaced word; 322
Modifier, upgarding to head of noun phrase; 131; 136; 147
Modifying predicative clause, informative function of; 337
Monterroso, Augusto; 83
Mood; 145
and residue; 149
Morgan, J.L. and Sellner, M.B.; 32
Morpheme; 274
Morris, C.W.; 35
Morris, E.; 251
Morris, J. and Hirst, G.; 249; 250; 262
Mutual manifestness, criteria for; 330
Name; 318
(See also Proper noun)
Naming; 334
naming event; 342
Nash, W.; 165; 204; 209
Natural kind; 62
Natural sign; 55
Nature / nurture debate; 249
Nelson, M.; 241; 242; 248
Nelson, R.; 54; 55; 315; 323; 337; 342
Net; 300; 306
and interpretation; 307
Newspeak; 275
NICE Characteristics; 132
Node, span of; 241
Nöth, W.; 45
Noun
compound; 141; 242
general
(See General word)
string; 140
Noun Phrase
modification, order of elements within the epithet; 139
reduction of; 140
Null subject languages; 103
Numerative; 21; 98; 99; 101; 131; 139; 142; 143
numerative one; 88; 98; 99; 100
numerative one v. substitute one; 100; 101; 105
Odlin, T.; 128
One
(See A / an v. one; Numerative one; Substitute one)
Onomatopoeia; 317
Ontological relativity; 250
Operator; 114
Orwell, George; 77; 275
Ostension; 34
Owen, Wilfred; 75
Oxford English Dictionary (OED); 26
Concise (COED); 68; 111; 122; 219; 248; 275
Palmer, F.R.; 114; 132; 145; 146
Parallelism
and coherence (Hoey); 308
formal; 18; 219; 229; 308
Partitive article; 100
Patterns of lexis; 270
Peirce, C.S.; 317
Perfect language; 281
Phase; 145
Phillips, M.; 270
Piaget, Jean and Inhelder, Bärbel; 135
Pink Floyd; 137
Pinker, S.; 56; 57; 62; 68; 249; 346
Plato; 36
Pluralis Majestatis
(See Royalwe)
Popper, K.R.; 46
Postal, P.; 146
Postmodification, prepositions in, dropping of; 141
Potential referential scope of referring expressions; 321
Potter, Beatrix; 272
Pound, Ezra; 41; 48
Pre-determiner; 87
Predicative categories; 120
Premodification, order of items in; 138
Presupposition; 19; 311
Priming
in psychology; 249
lexical; 249; 285; 354
Primed frames; 61
pro; 356
PRO; 103
Processes, verbal; 119
as referring expressions; 264
Proficiency, linguistic; 44
Pro-form; 95
v. full forms; 318
Prominence ranking; 104
Pronominal surrogate hypothesis; 101; 282; 319
Pronominalisation, avoidance of; 92; 286
Pronoun
archaic, thou / thee, you / ye; 68
as "substitute"; 61
dropping
(See Dropping)
impersonal; 98; 99
one; 66
they; 67; 225
you; 66
informative function of; 328
personal; 66
possessive; 142
recategorised as common noun; 137
reflexive; 71
resolution; 279; 280; 318
Proper noun; 80; 227; 316; 318
informative function of; 342
plural; 80
recategorised as common noun; 81; 137
Protasis; 124
Pro-verb; 112; 117
Psychedelia; 251
Punctuation; 27
Quantifier, upgrading to head of noun phrase; 143; 144
Question
tag; 206; 207
Wh-; 154; 158; 159
Yes/NO; 154; 158; 159
Quine, W.V.O.; 55; 250
Quirk, R. et al.; 10; 53; 71; 138; 139; 212; 282; 319
Raising to subject; 146
Rank shifting; 41
Reduction, lexical; 308
non-occurrence with formal titles; 141
Redundancy; 107; 311
Reference
actual scope of; 321
and numbers; 337
archetypical; 104
as identification / designation; 314
as representation; 314
basic approaches in philosophy; 55
cohesive v. substitution, nominal; 102
direct; 56
implicit; 99
inconstancy; 61; 220; 221
means of; 216; 315; 317
reflexive / self reference; 75
unique; 324
verb, compound
(See Verb)
v. knowledge; 343
verbal; 117; 118
Referential efficacy; 155; 160; 216; 222; 319; 320; 325; 330; 335; 343; 345; 347; 356; 357
Referentiality; 75; 225; 320
Referring expression (RE)
complex; 96; 323
component; 96; 323
fully-informative; 339; 340; 343; 344; 346
fully informative v. partially- informative; 328
informativeness of, deliberate v. accidental; 328
nominal entity (NERE); 315
deictic, (deictic NERE); 316 representational, (Representational NERE); 316
non-informative; 340; 343; 344
partially-informative; 339; 340; 343; 344; 345
predicative function of.; 327
Register; 32; 152; 252; 254; 307; 358
Regret it v. regret so; 121
Reinhart, T.; 10; 240
Reiteration
same item, for reasons of style; 227
same item, full; 222
Relation, general v. instantial; 263
Relevance; 44; 322; 325
Relevance theory; 357
Repeating and matching; 44
Repetition, lexical; 273
chance v. text-forming; 279
Representation
minimal; 352
subjectivity of; 346
Representational Theory of Mind; 352
Residue
(See Mood)
Rheme
(SeeTheme)
Richards, J. et al.; 114
Rinvio endoforico (endophoric cross-checking); 315
Roget’s Thesaurus; 263
Rosenbaum, P.S.; 30
Royal we; 67
Russell, B.; 19; 55; 58; 101; 149; 217; 319; 323; 337
Sabatini, Rafael; 121
Saki (H.H. Munro); 87; 89; 98; 151
Saliency; 79; 224; 338
Samek-Lodovici, V.; 240
Sanford, A.J. and Garrod, S.C.; 38
Sarcasm; 209
Say it v. say so; 122
Schank, R.C. and Abelson, R.; 38
Schemata-theory; 61
Schiffrin, D.; 55
Scott, M.; 241; 242; 244; 255
Searle, J.R.; 159; 203; 210; 314
Segmented discourse representation theory; 335
Seidlhofer, B.; 358
Selinker, L.; 128; 134
Semantic connection; 41
Semantic prosody; 248
Sentence
definition of; 26
key; 301
topic closing; 300
topic opening; 300
Sequencing and cohesion; 308
Shakespeare, W.; 65; 84; 85; 117; 120
Shannon, C. and Weaver W.; 107; 311
Shiro, M.; 38
Showing and saying; 9; 48
Si passivo (Italian); 67
Signifiant; 216; 316
Significance, statsitical; 255
Signifié; 216; 316
Signified; 55; 216
Sign; 216
Simone, R.; 224
Simons, Paul; 263
Sinclair, J.; 36; 61; 76; 139; 241; 242; 248; 249; 255; 307
Skirl, H.; 225; 322
Smith, Adam; 186
Smolensky, P.; 353
Soanes, C. and Stevenson A.; 68; 111; 122; 219; 248; 275
Social-semiotic; 354
Somerset Maugham, W.; 83
Sound symbolism; 228
Spanish (language); 103; 109; 138
Speaker, non-native; 127
Speech act
illocutionary; 203
Macro-speech act; 40
Sperber, D.; 250
Sperber, D. and Wilson, D.; 28; 33; 34; 36; 44; 47; 80; 314; 320; 325; 357
Spoonerism; 321
Springsteen, Bruce; 99
Stefania Prina; 115
Steiner, G.; 35
Strawson, P.F.; 58
Structure
v. organisation; 42
concept of; 41; 42
connotations of term structure; 270
macro-structures; 311
Substitute do
evolution; 117
in US v. British English; 113
Substitute one
as a number marker; 105; 106; 136
evolution of; 127
stressed; 101
v. ellipsis involving numerative one; 100; 101; 105
Substitute, verbal,
stressed; 115
(See alsoBeandhaveas substitutes)
Substitution
clausal, negative; 119
facts versus reports; 121
lexical; 308
of interrogative and imperative reported clauses, impossibility of; 121
of modalised clauses expressing certainty, impossibility of; 125
of passive, impossibility of; 115
substitution, clausal
transfer of negation; 122; 123; 124
Superlative; 88
Svoboda, A.; 334
Swales, J.M.; 44
Swan, M.; 139
Swift, Jonathan; 168
Synonym
near; 260; 281; 326
v. paraphrases; 231
Syntacticequivalence; 308
Systemic linguistics; 12
T- and V- forms; 67; 68
Tadros, A.; 11; 119
Term, common v. singular; 323
Text analytics software; 287
Text
as artifact; 331; 354
as message; 309
as message; 312
as structure; 39; 40
coherence; 32
concept of; 31
interpretation of; 312
linguistic definition of; 45
minimal; 41; 266
non-cohesive; 41
non-coherent; 42
non-narrative; 272
semiotic definition of; 44
text mining / summary; 270; 311
text mining / summary software; 287
Text type,
literary; 297; 352
difficulties of summarising; 296; 297
narrative; 271; 309; 311
scientific; 297
Textual canons; 244
Textual v. discoursal relationships; 38
Textual-mapping; 71; 307
Texture; 10; 11; 30; 31; 32
imaginary; 83; 164
This, presentational; 55
This / that, v. it
(SeeIt)
That one; 107
Theme
and rheme, different approaches; 158
structure; 56; 312
thematic
progression; 311
sequence; 72
structure; 158; 315
v. rheme; 328
Themself; 68
Theta
roles; 56
structure; 56
Tie, significant v. insignificant; 297
(See also Link)
Title (of a work); 252; 352
Tone patterns; 208; 210
Topic
of discourse; 48
topic-marking particles; 357
Transfer, linguistic; 128
Transference, lexical; 308
Transition; 158; 328
Translation; 35; 297; 358
Traugott, E.C. and Pratt, M.L.; 18
Turgenev, Ivan; 179
Turing machine; 56
Twain, Mark; 71
Ulrych, M.; 104; 358
Unambiguousness; 92
Uni (Italian); 118
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations); 355
Universal Grammar; 127
Unmarked potential referential scope (UPRS); 225; 278; 320
broad v. narrow; 324
v. denotation; 324
Van Dijk, T.; 39; 41; 48; 248; 311
Verb
inflection; 144; 145
reference, compound; 118
reporting; 119; 120; 122; 123; 124; 125; 155
Verb phrase, structure of; 144; 146
Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English; 128
Vocatives; 352
Voice; 145
Walker, M.A. et al.; 79
Warren, W.H. et al.; 38
Well as marker of disapproval, disbelief or rejection; 204
Wells, H.G..; 110
Werth, P.; 86; 232
West, Kanye; 99
Whitman, Walt; 71
Widdowson, H.G.; 13; 26; 34; 36; 42; 302
Wilde, Oscar; 27; 75; 112; 116; 119; 132; 145
Wilson, D.; 79
Winter, E.O.; 11; 41; 44; 270; 271; 309
Wittgenstein, L.; 9; 10; 48; 57; 337; 346
Wolf, F. and Gibson, E.; 60
Wooley, Sheb; 137
Wordsworth, William; 289
Yates, Peter; 62
Yeats, W.B.; 74