Search for CASTLE in the Scotch-Irish

The Scotch-Irish

Search for CASTLE in The Scotch-Irish

Source Information: Hanna, Charles A. The Scotch-Irish: The Scot in North Britain, North Ireland, and North America Vol.1 New York, NY: G. P. Putnam, 1902.

THE SCOTTISH KIRK AND HUMAN LIBERTY

On the same subject, Green says: Knox had been one of the followers of Wishart; he had acted as pastor to the Protestants who after Beaton's murder held the CASTLE of St. Andrews, and had been captured with them by a French force in the summer of 1547.The Frenchmen sent the heretics to the galleys; and it was as a galley slave
Henry Hall of Haughhead, having had religious education, began early to mind a life of holiness; and was of a pious conversation from his youth; he was a zealous opposer of the public resolutions, insomuch that when the minister of the parish where he lived complied with that course, he refused to hear him, and went to Ancrum, to hear Mr. John Livingston. Being oppressed with the malicious persecutions of the curates and other malignants for his nonconformity with the profane courses of abomination, that commenced at the unhappy restoration of that most wicked tyrant Charles II. he was obliged to depart his native country, and go over the border into England in the year 1665, where he was so much renowned for his singular zeal in propagating the gospel among the people, who before his coming among them were very rude and barbarous; but many of them became famous for piety after. In the year 1666, he was taken in his way to Pentland, coming to the assistance of his convenanted brethren, and was imprisoned with some others inSessford CASTLE, but by the divine goodness he soon escaped thence through the favour of the Earl of Roxburgh, to whom the CASTLE pertained, the said earl being his friend and relation; from which time, till about the year 1679, he lived peaceably in England, much beloved of all that knew him, for his concern in propagating the knowledge of Christ in that country; insomuch that his blameless and shining christian conversation, drew reverence and esteem from his very enemies. But about the year 1678, the heat of the persecution in Scotland obliging many to wander up and down through Northumberland and other places; one colonel Struthers intended to seize any Scotsman he could find in those parts; and meeting with Thomas Ker of Hayhope, one of Henry Hall's nearest intimates, he was engaged in that encounter upon the account of the said Thomas Ker, who was killed there: upon which account, he was forced to return to Scotland, and wandered up and down during the hottest time of the persecution, mostly with Mr. Richard Cameron and Mr. Donald Cargil, during which time, besides his many
About a quarter of a year after his return from Holland, being in company with the Rev. Mr. Donald Cargil, they were taken notice of by two blood-hounds the curates of Borrowstounness and Carridden, who went to Middleton, governor of Blackness-CASTLE, and informed him of them; who having consulted with these blood-thirsty ruffians, ordered his soldiers to follow him at a distance by two or three together, with convenient intervals for avoiding suspicion; and he (the said Middleton) and his man riding up, observed where they alighted and stabled their horses; and coming to them, pretended a great deal of kindness and civilties to Mr. Donald Cargil and him, desiring that they might have a glass of wine together. When they were set, and had taken each a glass, Middleton laid hands on them, and told them they were his prisoners, commanding in the king's name all the people of the house to assist, which they all refused, save a certain waiter, through whose means the governor got the gates shut till the soldiers came up; and when the women of the town, rising to the rescue of the prisoners, had broke up the outer gate, Henry Hall, after some scuffle with the governor in the house, making his escape by the gate, received his mortal blow upon his head, with a carbine by Thomas George, waiter, and being conveyed out of the town by the assistance of the women, walked some pretty space of way upon his feet, but unable to speak much, save only that he made some short reflection upon a woman that interposed between him and the governor, hindered him to kill the governor, and so to make his escape timeously. So soon as he fainted, the women carried him to a house in the country, and notwithstanding the care of surgeons, he never recovered the power of speaking more. General Dalziel being advertised, came with a party of the guards, and carried him to Edinburgh; he died by the way: his corpse they carried to the Cannongate tolbooth, and kept him there three days without burial, though a number of friends convened for that effect, and thereafter they caused bury him clandestinely in the night. Such was the fury of these limbs of antichrist, that having killed the witnesses, they would not suffer their dead bodies to be decently put in graves.

THE TUDOR-STUART CHURCH RESPONSIBLE FOR EARLY AMERICAN ANIMOSITY TO ENGLAND

The Scotch were not of a cowardly race, nor were they weak and spiritless louts, subject to their masters for life or death, like dumb, driven cattle. They cannot be judged by modern standards, but must be compared with people of other races who were their contemporaries. It is true they endured unjust persecutions and grievous oppressions for long periods without open complaint or effective resistance. But they rebelled against their tyrants and oppressors earlier, and more often, and more efficaciously than did the people of any other nation. They anticipated the English by a full century in their revolutions, and their claim for the rights of the individual. They were more than two centuries ahead of the French in fighting and dying for the principles of the French Revolution. They were farther advanced three centuries ago than the Germans are to-day in their conceptions and ideals of individual liberty. Buckle well says, in speaking of his own English race, "If we compare our history with that of our northern neighbors, we must pronounce ourselves a meek and submissive people." There have been more rebellions in Scotland than in any other country, excepting some of the Central and South American republics. And the rebellions have been very sanguinary, as well as very numerous. The Scotch have made war upon most of their kings, and put to death many. To mention their treatment of a single dynasty, they murdered James I. and James III. They rebelled against James II. and James VII. They laid hold of James V. and placed him in confinement. Mary they immured in a CASTLE, and afterwards deposed. Her successor, James VI., they imprisoned; they led him captive about the country, and on one occasion attempted his life. Towards Charles I. they showed the greatest animosity, and they were the first to restrain his mad career. Three years before the English ventured to rise against that despotic prince, the Scotch boldly took up arms and made war on him. The service which they then rendered to the cause of liberty it would be hard to overrate. They often lacked patriotic leaders at home, and their progress was long retarded by internecine and clan strife. They were hard-headed, fighting ploughmen. Though with a deep religious character, and conscientiousness to an extreme that often has seemed ridiculous to outsiders, their material accomplishments as adventurers, pioneers, and traders, in statesmanship, in science, in metaphysics, in literature, in commerce, in finance, in invention, and in war, show them to be the peers of the people of any other race the world has ever known.

SCOTLAND OF TO-DAY

In this district are to be found the chief evidences in Scotland of the birth or residence of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Dumbartonshire is the reputed birthplace of St. Patrick, Ireland's teacher and patron saint. Elderslie, in Renfrewshire, is said to have been the birthplace of Scotland's national hero, William Wallace. Robert Bruce also, son of Marjorie, Countess of Carrick and daughter of Nigel or Niall (who was himself the Celtic Earl of Carrick and grandson of Gilbert, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway), was, according to popular belief, born at his mother's CASTLE of Turnberry, in Ayrshire. The seat of the High Stewards of Scotland, ancestors of the royal family of the Stuarts, was in Renfrewshire. The paternal grandfather of William Ewart Gladstone was born in Lanarkshire. John Knox's father is said to have belonged to the Knox family of Renfrew-shire. Robert Burns was born in Ayrshire. The sect called the "Lollards," who were the earliest Protestant reformers in Scotland, appear first in Scottish history as coming from Kyle in Ayrshire, the same district which afterwards furnished a large part of the leaders and armies of the Reformation. The Covenanters and their armies of the seventeenth century were mainly from the same part of the kingdom. Glasgow, the greatest manufacturing city of Europe, is situated in the heart of this district. These same seven coun-

THE SCOTS AND PICTS

"Between them and the kingdom of the Picts proper lay a central district, extending from the wall to the river Forth, and on the bank of the latter was the strong position afterwards occupied by Stirling CASTLE; and while the Angles of Bernicia exercised an influence and a kind of authority over the first district, this central part seems to have been more closely connected with the British kingdom of Alclyde. The northern part, extending from the Forth to the Tay, belonged to the Pictish kingdom, with whom its population, originally British, appears to have been incorporated, and was the district afterwards known as Fortrein and Magh Fortren.

THE BRITONS

Then it was that the magnanimous Arthur, with all the kings and military force of Britain, fought against the Saxons. And though there were many more noble than himself, yet he was twelve times chosen their commander, and was as often conqueror. The first battle in which he was engaged was at the mouth of the river Gleni. The second, third, fourth and fifth, were on another river, by the Britons called Dubglas, in the region Linnius. The sixth on the river Bassas. The seventh in the wood Celidon, which the Britons call Cat Colt Celidon. The eighth was near Guinnion CASTLE, where Arthur bore the image of the Holy Virgin, mother of God, upon his shoulders, and through the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy Mary, put the Saxons to flight, and pursued them the whole day with great slaughter. The ninth was at the city of Legion, which is called Cair Lion. The tenth was on the banks of the river Tribruit. The eleventh was on the mountain Breguoin, which we call Agned. The twelfth was a most severe contest, when Arthur penetrated to the hill of Badon. In this engagement, nine hundred and forty fell by his hand alone, no one but the Lord
"If any reality could be extracted from them, Scotland would have full share in it, since much of .the narrative comes northward of the present border. Berwick was the Joye-use garde of Sir Lancelot, and Aneurin describes a bloody battle round Edinburgh CASTLE. Local tradition and the names of places have given what support such agencies can to the Scottish claims on the Arthurion history. So the curious Roman edifice on the bank of the Carron was called Arthur's Oon or Oven; and we have Arthur's Seat, Ben Arthur, Arthurlee, and the like. The illustrious 'Round Table' itself is at Stirling CASTLE. The sculptured stones in the churchyard of Meigle have come down as a monument to the memory and crimes of his faithless wife. A few miles westward, on Barry Hill, a spur of the Gram-pians, the remnants of a hill-fort have an interest to the peasant as the prison of her captivity. In the pretty pastoral village of Stowe there was a 'Girth' or sanctuary for criminals, attributed to the influence of an image of the Virgin brought by King Arthur from Jerusalem, and there enshrined....

THE NORSE AND GALLOWAY

...... wald, subdued the Hebrides, inclusive of the Isle of Man. Thorstein the Red, son of Olaf the White, King of Dublin, and Earl Sigurd, subdued Caithness and Sutherland, as far as Ekkielsbakkie, and afterwards Ross and Moray, with more than half of Scotland, over which Thorstein ruled, as recorded in the Landnama-bok.About 963, Sigurd, son of Earl Hlodver, and his wife Audna (the daugh-ter of the Irish king Kiarval), became ruler over Ross and Moray, Suther-land and the Dales (of Caithness), which seems also to have included old Strathnavar. Sigurd married, secondly, the daughter of Malcolm (Malbrigid), called King of Scotland. He was slain at Clontarf near Dublin, in 1014.By his first marriage he left issue, Sumarlidi, Brusi, and Einar, who dividedthe Orkneys between them. By his second marriage he had issue, Thorfinn,on whom King Malcolm bestowed the earldom of Caithness.To quote from the introduction, Njal Saga, by Dasent [Saga of BurntNjal, George Webbe Dasent, 1861], "Ireland knew them [the Vikings] Bretland or Wales knew them, England knew them too well, and a great partof Scotland they had made their own. To this day the name of almost every island on the west coast of Scotland is either pure Norse, or Norse distorted, so as to make it possible for Celtic lips to utter it. The groups of Orkneyand Shetland are notoriously Norse; but Lewis and the Uists, and Skyeand Mull are no less Norse, and not only the names of the islands them-selves, but those of reefs and rocks, and lakes, and headlands, bear witnessto the same relation, and show that, while the original inhabitants were notexpelled, but held in bondage as thralls, the Norsemen must have dwelt anddwelt thickly too, as conquerors and lords."The foregoing extract gives a description which investigation corrobor-ates. The blank in the history of Galloway after the termination of the Strathcluyd kingdom is now fully met. The only difficulty is to determineat what date Galloway became separated from Strathcluyd. Earl (Jarl)Malcolm, who lived near Whithorn in 1014, is the first Norseman specially named. His place of residence is believed to have been Cruggleton CASTLE, of historic renown in after-times. Eogan the Bald, who fought at Carham,and died in 1018, was the last King of Strathcluyd. We have thus only adifference of four years, and certain it is that Earl Malcolm was in Galloway,and evidently located there as one in possession. In the Burnt Njal we findthe following: "They (Norsemen) then sailed north to Berwick (the Sol-way), and laid up their ship, and fared up into Whithorn in Scotland, andwere with Earl Malcolm that year." . . .Another point certain from close investigation is, that Jarl (Earl) Thor-finn (son of Sigurd II.) ruled over Galloway in 1034, the time mentioned,and continued to do so until his death in 1064 or 1066 [1057]. In 1034he was twenty-seven years of age. In Scottish history we learn nothing ofhim, although in possession of a large part of Scotland. During his lifetimehe ruled Galloway from Solway to Carrick. The Flateyjarbok contains theOrkneyinga Saga complete in successive portions: and in Munch's Historieet Chronican Manniae, Earl Thorfinn is distinctly mentioned.It is also related that the Earl Gille had married a sister of Sigurd II.,and acted as his lieutenant in the Sudreys. He is said to have resided atKoln, either the island of Coll or Colonsay; and when Sigurd fell at Clon-tarf in 1014, he took Thorfinn, the youngest son, under his protection, whilethe elder brothers went to the Orkneys, and divided the northern dominions
"Even at so late a period as the reign of Robert Bruce, the CASTLE of Irvine was accounted to be in Galloway. There is reason to suppose that a people of Saxon origin encroached by degrees on the ancient Galloway. The names of places in Cuningham are generally Saxon. The name of the country itself is Saxon. In Kyle there is some mixture of Saxon. All the names in Carrick are purely Gaelic."--Lord Hailes, Annals of Scotland, vol. i., p. 118.
"In this manner closed the dominion of the Norsemen over Galloway and such parts along the Solway shore of Dumfriesshire as they had been able to hold by force. Their strength ever lay in their ships, but of their handiwork some traces probably remain in a peculiar kind of cliff tower, which may be seen at various parts of the coast, such as CASTLE Feather and Cardhidoun near the Isle of Whithorn, and Port CASTLE on the shore of Glasser-ton parish."--Maxwell, pp. 43, 44.