Quarter 3 Review 2005-2006

Scientific Method- See the Quarter 1 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review: PH Biology pp 8-10

Think about it!

  1. A student wants to know if the amount of oxygen given off by a water plant (Elodea) will increase with increasing amounts of light. What steps should the students use to solve this problem?
  2. What might the student use as a control in the experiment above?

1.01Life Processes (STERNGRR)- See the Quarter 1 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review: PH Biology pp 16-19

Think about it!

  1. The liver uses energy to remove excess glucose from the bloodstream. How does this illustrate homeostasis?
  2. Which of the life processes is essential for the preservation of the species but not essential for the preservation of an individual?

4.01 Abiotic and biotic factors, niche and habitat, symbiosis, populations, ecosystems and biomes- See the Quarter 1 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review: PH Biology pp 90 Abiotic and biotic factors

Pp 90-91 Niche and habitat

Pp 93 Symbiosis

Pp 118-132 Populations

Pp 64, 98-112 Ecosystems and Biomes

Think about it!

1. How do abiotic parts of an ecosystem differ from biotic parts of an ecosystem?

2. An owl and a hawk can survive in the same habitat and eat the same foods. How is this possible?

3. How does parasitism differ from other types of symbiosis? Give examples of parasitism.

4. Populations are affected by limiting factors. What might be some limiting factors in a terrestrial (land) ecosystem? What might be some limiting factors in a marine (ocean) ecosystem?

5. In a certain Florida pond habitat, the Cuban frog is rapidly increasing while the green frog is decreasing. They both have the same niche. What does this illustrate?

6. What factors determine the kinds of plants and animals that can populate a particular biome?

4.02, 4.03 Cycling of matter and energy in the environment-See the Quarter 1 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review: PH Biology pp 74-80 Cycles of matter

pp 67-73 Energy flow

Think about it!

  1. Create a food pyramid from the following food chain:

grassesfrog snake

  1. At what point in the pyramid is the least amount of energy available? The most amount of energy available? Why?
  2. Which kinds of organisms in the food chain are considered producers? Primary consumers? Secondary consumer?
  3. How are decomposers important to an ecosystem?
  4. Why are producers essential to an ecosystem while consumers are not?
  5. How do plants get the water they need for photosynthesis? How do plants give back water vapor to the atmosphere?
  6. How are photosynthesis and respiration important for the cycling of carbon and oxygen?

4.04, 4.05 Succession and Human Impact

Review: PH Biology pp 94-95 Succession

Pp 158-159 Global Warming

Pp 118-137 Population growth

Pp 152 Biological magnification

Think about it!

  1. Give an example of primary succession. Defend your choice as primary succession rather than secondary succession.
  2. What kinds of natural checks prevent a population from growing indefinitely? How have humans overcome some of these checks?
  3. What are the causes of global warming?
  4. How does overpopulation of humans impact our biosphere?
  5. What might be some examples of biological magnification?

Goal 5 Adaptive responses, plant tropisms, animal behaviors, rhythmic behaviors, evolution of behavioral adaptations-See the Quarter 1 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review: Glencoe Biology: Dynamics of Lifepp 405-406 Adaptive responses

PH Biologyp 872Adaptive responses

Pp 639-640 Plant tropisms

Pp 870-877 Animal Behaviors

Pp 878Biological clocks

Pp 879-882Evolution of behavioral adaptations and Jane Goodall

Try it!

1. A frog has a brownish green upper body with white coloration underneath. Both large fish and birds eat frogs. What is the advantage of this coloration?

2. Draw and label a plant that is responding to phototropism. How is this different from thigmotropism of a plant? How is it similar?

3. How might negative phototaxis help ensure the survival of an earthworm?

4. Why is your daily schedule of sleeping considered part of a circadian rhythm?

5. What is Jane Goodall’s contribution to our knowledge of animal behaviors?

6. How are learned behaviors different from instinctive (or innate) behaviors? Give an example of each.

7. A male lion protects his pride of lionesses from the advances of other male lions. Is this an example of courtship behavior or dominance hierarchy? Explain your answer.

1.01 Bonding and Carbon Compounds- See the Quarter 2 Review for a summary of this topic.

ReviewPH Biology pp 35-39 Atoms, molecules and bonds

Pp 44-48 Carbon Compounds

(1) (2) (3)

Try it!

  1. How are molecules formed from atoms?
  2. Lemon juice can have a pH of 2.5. Would this be an acid or base? Strong or weak?
  3. Soap generally has a pH of about 10. Would this be an acid or base? Strong or weak?
  4. What kind of carbon compound is represented by the structural formula labeled (1)?
  5. What is the function of (1) in living things?
  6. What is the monomer unit of (1)?
  7. What kind of carbon compound is represented by the structural formula labeled (2)?
  8. What is the function of (2) in living things?
  9. What is the monomer unit of (2)?
  10. What kind of carbon compound is represented by the structural formula labeled (3)?
  11. What is the function of (3) in living things?
  12. What is the monomer unit of (3)?
  13. What structure is made up primarily of DNA? Draw this structure. What are the subunits of DNA?
  14. A student looks at two chemical formulas for substances found in living things. One formula is HCl while the other is C6H12O6. Which formula is of an inorganic substance? Which formula is of an organic substance?

1.02Cell Organelles

1.03Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells -See the Quarter 2 Review for a summary of these topics.

Review PH Biology pp 168-182

Think about it!

  1. In what ways are bacteria cells different from animal cells?
  2. What is the meaning of the term “membrane-bound organelles”?
  3. Label the structures below. Give functions of the following structures: nucleus, vacuole, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondrion. What structures tell you that this is a plant cell? Why is this considered a eukaryotic rather than a prokaryotic cell?

Microscopes- See the Quarter 2 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review PH Biology pp 1070-1071

Think about it!

  1. Label the following parts of the microscope: eyepiece (ocular), coarse adjustment, fine adjustment, stage, stage clips, light source, base, arm, nosepiece, diaphragm.

2. If the ocular lens magnifies by a power of 20x and the objective lens magnifies by a power of 100x, what is the total magnification of the object on the stage?

1.04 Water and Cell Transport- See the Quarter 2 Review for a summary of these topics.

Review:PH Biology pp 40- 43

PH Biology pp 182-189

Try it!

1. A selectively permeable membrane is a placed at the center of a U-tube filled with a salt solution. Salt is not able to pass through the membrane while the water is able to pass through the membrane. Side A contains a 30% salt solution while side B contains a 4% salt solution.

  1. Create a diagram to show this situation. At equilibrium, what percentage of salt will be on each side?
  2. Will the level of solution in each side of the tube in question #1 be equal? Why or why not?
  3. Why might an animal cell burst if put into distilled water? What might happen if it is put into a strong salt solution?
  4. What might happen to the size of a plant cell if it is put into distilled water? What might happen if it is put into a strong salt solution?

1.05Enzymes - See the Quarter 2 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review: pp 49-53

Try it!

  1. Draw and label an enzyme with its substrate.
  2. Look at figure 2-20. How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?
  3. Think about the Enzyme Lab that you completed. What caused the enzyme to denature (that is, break down so that it was not effective anymore)?
  4. A certain enzyme has a rate of activity of 0 at 10 degrees. Its optimum temperature for activity is 30 degrees. Its activity returns to 0 at 35 degrees. Create a graph for this information.

1.06Photosynthesis and Respiration - See the Quarter 2 Review for a summary of this topic.

Review: PH Biology pp 200-232

Think about it!

  1. Bakers use yeast (a living organism) to make bread rise. The yeast work without oxygen to give off carbon dioxide. What is this process called?
  2. What process represented by the following equation?

6CO2 + 6H2O + ATPC6H12O6 +6 O2

Write the word equation to describe this process.

  1. What happens when a phosphate bond breaks off from an ATP molecule? How is it replaced?
  2. Create a concept map to show the differences between fermentation (alcohol and lactic acid) and aerobic respiration. Start with glucose.
  3. Create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast photosynthesis with aerobic cellular respiration.
  4. How is anaerobic respiration (or fermentation) different from aerobic respiration?
  5. Why do we see a red shirt as red?

2.01 DNA and Protein Synthesis

  • DNA is made up of nucleotides. It makes up a double-stranded helix (twisted ladder).
  • The DNA bases (adenine and thymine; cytosine and guanine) are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. To replicate, the DNA molecule separates in two strands. The complementary nucleotides then join each original strand to create two new identical strands.
  • Each DNA strand contains information to make proteins. DNA is the hereditary material.
  • RNA is a single strand that is made of nucleotides. The DNA base called thymine is replaced by the RNA base called uracil.
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) makes a copy of part of the DNA molecule that codes for a protein. It takes the code from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. This is called transcription.
  • At the ribosome, the code is used by the organelle to put together amino acids that are brought from cytoplasm by transfer RNA (tRNA). Amino acids make up proteins. This is called translation.

Review: PH Biology pp 291-306

Think about it!

  1. Draw and label the monomer unit of DNA.
  2. What is the function of DNA?
  3. If the base sequence on a DNA strand was CCTAGG, what would be the mRNA complementary sequence?
  4. What could be the result of changing just one base in a DNA sequence?
  5. Name and describe the process shown below:

  1. Where does protein synthesis take place?
  2. How is mRNA involved in protein synthesis?
  3. How is tRNA involved in protein synthesis?

2.02Reproduction

  • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes- one from each of two parents. The offspring are genetically different from their parents even though they may have some traits from each parent.
  • Asexual reproduction involves the creation of a new individual from one parent. The parent and the offspring are genetically identical. Binary fission of bacteria, budding of yeast, regeneration of starfish and bulbs of plants are all ways that organisms reproduce asexually.
  • Cells must limit their size in order to get sufficient nutrients in and wastes out. Thus, cells divide to survive, build and repair tissues and reproduce.
  • The division of a nucleus in a diploid cell to produce two new diploid cells is called mitosis. Both the parent cell and the daughter cells are genetically identical. Somatic cells (body cells) in humans are reproduced this way in humans.
  • Meiosis is the process of creating four haploid cells (gametes) from a special diploid cell found in the reproductive organs. Two divisions are required to do this.
  • Sometimes chromosomes fail to split apart (non-disjunction). This creates gametes with either too many or too few chromosomes and can lead to disease such as Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21).
  • Genetic variation can result from the crossing over of chromosomes. In this situation, homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their chromatids during meiosis.
  • Cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells.

Review: PH Biology pp 240-252 and pp 275-278

Think about it!

  1. What does crossing over look like?
  2. How does crossing over create genetic variation?
  3. Label each of the following diagrams as mitosis or meiosis.

______

______

What clues helped you decide which diagram shows mitosis and which shows meiosis?

  1. What human chromosomes are involved in sex determination? Which form a male? Which form a female?
  2. What is meant by the term diploid cell? Haploid cell? What types of cells are diploid? Haploid?

2.03Laws of Probability

  • Gregor Mendel was the first scientist to link probability to heredity. He experimented with pea plants. From his experiments, he determined the Law of Dominance and the Law of Segregation.
  • Genes made of DNA are found on chromosomes and determine traits.
  • Dominant traits mask or hide recessive traits.
  • When meiosis occurs, genes from homologous chromosomes separate or segregate into gametes. This provides variation in the offspring as the gametes fuse and the genes recombine.
  • Forms of a gene are called alleles. Alleles work in pairs.
  • “Multiple alleles” is a term used to describe the situation where there are more than two forms of a gene in a population. For example, even though blood type in humans is controlled by a pair of genes, within a population there are three forms of the gene (IA, IB and i).
  • Codominance is a situation in which both alleles are dominant. For example, a blue roan horse has black hairs and white hairs. It is the result of the union of a black horse and a white horse.
  • Incomplete dominance is a situation where the alleles work together in a blend of the two traits. For example, red flowered four o’clock plants and white flowered four o’clock plants produce pink flowered four o’clock plants.
  • Sometimes, traits such as height, eye color and skin color in humans are controlled by many pairs of genes. These traits are considered polygenic.
  • When an allele on the X chromosome has no match on the Y chromosome, the trait is expressed whether it is dominant or recessive. These traits are called sex-linked.
  • Pedigrees are used to trace traits through generations of humans as well as other organisms.

Review: PH Biology pp 262-274 and pp 341-354

Think about it!

  1. A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). All of the offspring are tall. Which of Mendel’s laws (or principles) does this situation illustrate?
  2. A black chicken (BB) is crossed with a white chicken (WW). All of the offspring have both black feathers and white feathers. Which process does this situation illustrate? Could two chickens with BW genotypes produce offspring that are black? Justify your answer with a Punnett square.
  3. Round pea pods are dominant to wrinkled pea pods. If both parents are heterozygous dominant, what is the percentage of offspring with wrinkled pods?
  4. Mr. Jones has blood type O while his wife has blood type AB. Is it possible for them to have a baby with blood type AB? Use a Punnett square to justify your answer.
  5. What would be the ratios from a dihybrid cross of two tall, round-pod pea plants?
  6. Create a pedigree to show at least three generations of your family (or a friend’s family) for unattached earlobes (EE) vs attached earlobes (ee).

2.04DNA Technology

  • DNA can be removed from cells, cut apart using restriction enzymes and separated using gel electrophoresis. The produces a DNA fingerprint that can identify individuals to determine parentage or identify suspects in a crime.
  • Cells from the amniotic fluid that surrounds an unborn baby can be used to create a karyotype (chart of chromosomes) as well as test for diseases caused by defective genes. The process is called amniocentesis.
  • Gene therapy is the insertion of normal genes to correct genetic disorders. One application is a nasal spray with normal genes carried by a virus. This can be used by cystic fibrosis patients to prevent the formation of thick mucus in their respiratory passages.
  • Using restriction enzymes to cut a gene from a DNA strand, the target gene can be inserted into a bacterial plasmid. An application is the production of human insulin by inserting the human gene for insulin into a bacterial plasmid, allowing the bacteria to multiply and produce insulin for diabetics.
  • Organisms that have been altered with genes for other species are called transgenic organisms. The insulin producing bacteria and glowing tobacco plants are examples of transgenic organisms.
  • The Human Genome Project was a project to map the locations of all of the genes on human chromosomes.
  • Organisms can be cloned by taking the nucleus of one organism and inserting it into an egg cell of another from which the nucleus was removed. The offspring that develops will be exactly like the organism that donated the nucleus.
  • DNA technology raises moral and ethical questions such as “Should we design perfect humans?” and “Should eatable plants be genetically engineered to work with pesticides more efficiently?”

Review: PH Biology pp 319-333

Think about it!

  1. 1. A crime has been committed! The criminal left his/her blood on a glass. Experts removed the blood and analyzed the DNA from the sample. From the DNA fingerprints below, who is the criminal?
  1. Using Bob and Sue (above) as parents, create a possible DNA fingerprint for one of their offspring. Use seven bands for the child’s fingerprint.
  2. What are some reasons that we should/should not create designer babies?

2.05Role of genetics and environment

  • Many human diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, sickle cell anemia and hemophilia are controlled by genes.
  • Conditions such as cancer, asthma, and heart disease are controlled both by genetics as well as the environment
  • Malnutrition and lead poisoning are caused by environmental issues only.
  • The expression of genes can be affected by the environment. For example, the fur of a Himalayan rabbit is white on the warm parts of its body. It is black on areas of the body that are cool.

Review: PH Biology pp 340-360

Think about it!

  1. Jose has red-green color blindness. His parents are not color blind. What are the genotypes of his parents? On which chromosome is this trait located?
  2. A man who is heterozygous for Huntington’s disease marries a normal woman. What are their chances of having a child with Huntington’s disease? (Hint: Huntington’s disease is a dominant trait.)
  3. Two seeds are produced from parents who are homozygous for the production of chlorophyll (which produces the green color in plants). One bean seed is germinated and grown in the dark. The resulting seedling is white rather than green. The other seed is germinated and placed in light conditions. This seedling is green. Explain.

2.06Evolution