Science, Technology, and a New Way of Thinking WHAP/Napp

“In contrast to the previous, postclassical period, cultural issues did not shape the world framework during the early modern centuries. As in politics key changes occurred, but within individual societies, not through wider contact. As in politics also, the most important shifts involved western Europe (and European colonies in North America by the 17th century). The Protestant Reformation split the unity of Christianity. Protestants also pushed new ideas, for example, about the importance of family life, that helped transform popular culture. The scientific revolution of the 17th century was more significant still. New discoveries about gravity, planetary motion, and the circulation of the blood helped propel science to the dominant position in intellectual life, surpassing religion at this level. Beliefs in an orderly nature and in progress of knowledge had wide-ranging implications: They encouraged education, as philosophers argued that children were not defined by original sin but could be shaped through learning. In the 18th century Enlightenment, leading intellectuals argued that political and social life should be rationally planned and studied, as with physical nature. Traditional ideas about religion and about the importance of the aristocracy were attacked; new notions of democracy, even socialism and feminism, surfaced.

The changes in European culture were remarkable not only for the new directions they suggested but for their relationship to popular beliefs. European elites developed new disdain for ordinary people in certain respects, particularly in the areas of popular leisure. And by no means were all cultural trends homogeneous. But many ordinary people picked up a host of novel ideas, particularly by the 18th century. Beliefs in magic declined (though only after a period of heightened fear and persecution of witches). Efforts to replace magic with more rationally organized arrangements show up in the rise of lost-and-found offices for misplaced property, which gradually did away with appeals to traditional experts, called cunning men, who sought items with magical sticks. Ideas about family changed, with growing belief in the importance of love as a basis for marriage…Even children began to be redefined: Seen as toy- or animal-life before, at least until they were capable of work, they began to be idealized as innocent, educable creatures by the 18th century. At all levels, from science and religion to popular views of the social environment, European culture was shifting rapidly during the early modern centuries. The rapid spread of literacy, prompted by the advent of the printing press in the 15th century and also Protestant interest in reading the Bible, served as one basis for various new trends.” ~Experiencing World History

1-How did change manifest in the early modern era? ______

2-Identify several critical changes that occurred in Western Europe. ______

3-What traditional ideas were attacked? ______

4-Provide evidence that a belief in magic declined. ______

5-How did ideas about family life change? ______

Notes:
  1. Inventions
  1. Gunpowder, brought from China, meant end of power of feudal castle
  2. Movable type, invented around 1488, put education within reach of masses
  3. Compass, brought from China through Spain  exploration
  1. New Way of Thinking
  1. HumanismRenaissance ideaSense of tremendous capacities and potential of every human being; humanity worthy of study in its own right
  2. Dante (1265-1321) wrote Divine Comedy in Italian (vernacular) not Latin
  3. Machiavelli wrote The Prince (1513), secular and pragmatic political treatise”It is better to be feared than lovedpower by any means
  4. Humanism spread into north and central Europe
  1. The Renaissance
  1. Renaissance: 1450 to 1559Location: Italian City-Stateswealth from trade
  2. Key Ideas: Humanism and SecularismKey Artists: Michelangelo, Da Vinci, RaphaelShakespeare/England, Cervantes/Spain, Montaigne/ France
  3. Renaissance”rebirth”revival of classical Greek and Roman ideas
  4. Medieval art was flatRenaissance art was realistic, more human, worldly
  1. Johann Gutenberg
  1. Printing developed in China during Song Dynasty but moveable type invented in Europe: mid-1400s, Gutenberg invented printing press
  2. Priorlong, laborious to create book, expensive books, most did not read
  3. The printing pressBooks easy to produce and more affordablemiddle class demand for books printed in vernacular
  1. The Reformation
  1. Medieval Churchunifying forcepowerful forcepope as intermediary
  1. When church needed to finance building projects plus pay for Renaissance artists in its employ, began to sell indulgences
  2. Indulgencepiece of paper to purchase to reduce time in purgatory (sinner would expiate or make amends for sins and then be allowed to enter heaven)
  3. Land-owning noblesresentful of church, and its wealth and power
  4. Selling of indulgences suggested the corrupt nature of the church to some
  1. Martin Luther
  1. A professor at the University of WittenbergPosted his Ninety-five Theses directed against the selling of indulgences in 1517
  2. Claimed source of spiritual authority was not the church but scripture
  3. After Diet of Worms in 1520, Luther refused to recant, excommunicated, and Lutheranism was formed in defiance of Roman Catholic Church
  4. John Calvin from France led a Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestinationGod had predetermined ultimate destiny for all people
  5. John Knox founded the Presbyterian church in Scotland (similar to Calvin)
  6. Henry VIII of England broke with Roman church in 1534 because pope refused to allow him to divorce wifeChurch of England (Anglican)
  1. Different Protestant Denominations but Similarities
  1. All Protestants rejected papal authority and supernatural character of priesthoodreject purgatoryuse vernacularfaith alone
  1. Catholic Counter-Reformation
  1. Council of Trent, sitting irregularly in the mid-1500s, Roman Catholic church reformed and rejuvenated
  2. Saint Ignatius Loyola founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a monastic order dedicated to participation in world and missionary activity
  3. Inquisition (Catholic court) to enforce conformity
  1. Commercial Revolution
  1. From self-sufficient town-centered economy to a capitalistic nation-centered
  1. The Scientific Revolution
  1. Use of reason, observation, and experimentationProof for Truth
  2. Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543): advanced heliocentric or sun-centered universe theory rather than geocentric
  3. Galileotelescope to prove Copernicus
  4. Isaac Newton (1642-1727): all motion could be described by mathematical formula Universe was understandable by natural laws

Complete the Graphic Organizer Below:

Re

Questions:

  • Identify and explain what inventions led to the breakdown of feudalism in Western Europe.
  • How did the Renaissance change ideas about humans, art, and society?
  • Why was Gutenberg’s invention “revolutionary”?
  • Discuss the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation.
  • How did the Catholic Counter-Reformation combat the rise of Protestantism?
  • Why was the Scientific Revolution “revolutionary”?

  1. Which of the following does NOT belong in a list of Catholic doctrines rejected by Martin Luther?
(A)Papal authority
(B)Granting of indulgences
(C)Monasticism
(D)Priestly celibacy
(E)Acceptance of the Holy Trinity
  1. Which group traces its roots to the Catholic Reformation, sometimes referred to as the Counter-Reformation?
(A)Benedictine monks
(B)Coptic Christians
(C)Jesuits
(D)Liberation theologians
(E)Calvinists
  1. Who is credited with bringing awareness of the heliocentric nature of the solar system into Western civilization?
(A)Aristotle
(B)Galileo
(C)Columbus
(D)Copernicus
(E)Descartes
  1. Which of the following thinkers established the principles of objects in motion and defined the forces of gravity?
(A)Descartes
(B)Rousseau
(C)Newton
(D)Bacon
(E)Galileo /
  1. Where did Luther’s movement first take root?
(A)France
(B)England
(C)Spain
(D)Italy
(E)Germany
  1. Which label best characterizes the Italian Renaissance?
(A)A political movement
(B)A cultural movement
(C)A religious movement
(D)A mass movement
(E)A global movement
  1. Who was associated with the Italian Renaissance?
(A)Plato
(B)Galileo
(C)Niccolo Machiavelli
(D)Pirandello
(E)Vesalius
  1. Who was responsible for the invention of movable type in the West?
(A)Thomas Aquinas
(B)Albrecht Durer
(C)John Harvey
(D)Johannes Gutenberg
(E)Nicolaus Copernicus

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time: Western Europe: 476 – 1750

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