(use foreign 1)
(Sanskrit)Roots (Dhatupatha)
Dhatupatha (lit. a study of roots or verb forms) reputedly by Paniniprovides a list of 2200 roots (in ten technical classes) with almost all irregular and noteworthy forms which can be expanded in the series of active, passive, casual desiderative and derivative groups.
About 2200 roots are grouped into ten classes which are sub-divided into two groups based on conjugational terminations. There are two main divisions of terminations: parasmaipadi and atmanepadi. In Sanskrit the tenses and moods are divided into two categories : the conjugational and non-conjugational; this division determines the peculiar modification the root should undergo.
The classification of verbal bases in the following ten classes is based onvikarana the inserted conjugational affix, the conjugational sign placed between the root and the terminations:
I. wabvikaranobhvadiganah
[wap a technical term used by Panini for the conjugational sign a inserted between the root and the terminations of the conjugational tenses in the first class of roots.]
II. lugvikaranodadi gana
[luk a technical term used by Panini to express the dropping or disappearance of affixes.]
III. wlu-vikaranojuhotyadigana
IV. wyan vikaranodivadigana
V. wnu-vikaranah-svadigana
[wnu a technical term used by Panini for nu the sign of the 5th class of roots.]
VI. wa-vikaranastudadigana
VIII. u-vikaranastanadigana
IX. wna-vikarana ryadigana
[wnaa technical term used by Panini for na, the sign of the 9th class of roots.]
X. nijantawcuradigana
I. wabvikaranobhvadigana[wap a technical term used by Panini for the conjugational sign a inserted between the root and the terminations of the conjugational tenses in the first class of roots; vikarana the inserted conjugational affix, the conjugational sign placed between the root and the terminations.]
ak to move tortuously
aks to pervade; to reach; to accumulate
ag to wind, to go
abk to mark
abg to go
abgh to go; to hasten; to begin; to blame; to gamble
ac to go; to request
aj to go; to drive; to throw
ac to speak indistinctly; to go; to request; to bend
ac to worship; to honour or to revere
at to wander
att to transgress; to kill
ath to go
anth to go
ad to exert; to try
add to join; to attack; to explain the sense of; to sue, to exert
an to utter a voice, to sound
at to go constantly; to obtain (mostly Vedic)
ant, and to bind
amb, ambh to sound
abhr to go, to wander about
am to go; to sound, to wait upon
ay to go
argh to be worth; to cost
arc to worship; to honour; to shine; to praise (Vedic)
arj to procure; to earn
ard to go; to beg or request; deri. ardita solicited; abhyarna near, proximate, close, drawing near (of time)
arb to go, to injure, to kill
arv to kill
al to adorn; to be competent or able
av to protect, to move, to be lovely, to please, to satisfy, to know, to enter, to hear, to own, to beg, to act, to desire, to shine, to obtain, to embrace, to kill, to take, to be, to grow; deri. avita or uta
as, as to go, to shine, to receive
ajh to go
ach to lengthen, to stretch, to make straight; deri. achita
i to go; deri. ita, ētum, itva, uditya, ayat, isyat, iyisas
ikh to go, to move; deri. ikhita, ēkhitum, ēkhitva, ikhivas
ibkh to go, to move
ibg to go, to move
it to go
int to have superhuman faculties, to be powerful
inv to pervade; to please; to be satisfied
i to go; deri. ita
iks to see
ikh, ibkh to go
ij to go; to censure, to blame
ir to go
irsy, iksy to envy
is to escape, to kill, to see
is to glean
in to endeavour, to obtain, to aim at, to wish
u to utter a voice; to sound; deri. uta, otum
uks to sprinkle; to wet
ukh to go
ubkh to go
ucch to dwell abroad; to retire
uch to glean
uth to knock down
urd to measure, to play; to taste; to grant; to be cheerful
urv to kill or hurt
us to burn
uh to hurt or kill
uth to knock down
uy to weave; to sew
us to be ill
uh to conjecture, to infer, to guess; to note; to expect; to reason
r to go; to acquire; deri. rta, artum, arisyat, arivas
rj to go; to stand; to gain; to acquire; to be healthy
rj to fry
rt to reproach, to pity, to go, to rival; to have power
rw to kill; to go
ej to tremble or shake
ej to shine; deri. ejamana
etto annoy; to oppose
edh to grow: to increase, to prosper, to extend, to swell, to rise
es to go
okh to be dry; to be able or sufficient; to adorn; to refuse; to prevent
on to remove; to drag along
olaj to throw up
oland to throw up
kak to wish; to be proud; to be unsteady; to be thirsty
kakh to deride or laugh at
kakh to deride
kag to perform or do anything or act
kabk to go
kac to bind
kac to cry
kac to shine; to bind
kat to rain; to cover or to surround
kat to go or approach
kath to drag on the days of life, to live in distress
kad to be confused; to be proud
kadd to be harsh or rough
kan to cry or bewail
kan to go or approach
kat to go
kanth to grive for, to miss
kand to be proud; to unhusk
kand to be proud
katth to praise; to boast; to flatter; deri. vikatthya, cakatthana
kad to be confounded, to grieve
kan to shine; to love; to wish; to go; Vedic (to be contented)
kand to call; to shed tears
kand to be confounded; to grieve
kab to colour
kam to love, to long for; to have intercourse with; to value highly; deri. kanta, kamya
kamp to shake or tremble
kamb to go
karj to pain
kard to rumble; to caw
karb to go or approach
karv to be proud, to boast
kal to sound; to count
kall to sound indistinctly
kav to praise; to describe, to compose a poem
kaw to sound
kas to kill or injure; to try on a touchstone; to rub
kas to go
kabks to desire or long for
kac to shine; to bind
kaw to shine
kas to cough
kit to fear; to frighten; to go or approach
kit to live; to heal or cure; to doubt; deri. cikitsita
kit to desire
kil to bind; to fit
ku to sound; deri. kuta, kotum, kavamana, cukuvana
kuk to take; to accept; to seize
kuc to utter a shrill cry (as a bird); to contract; to bend; to be crooked; to impede; to write or delineate
kuj to steal
kuc to make crooked; to bend, or curve; to lessen
kut to cut
kunt to be lame
kunth to be mutilated or blunted; to loosen; to be dull or stupid or idle
kund to maim or mutilate
kund to burn
kut to cover
kunth to hurt; to suffer pain
kubh to wet
kump to cover; to dress
kumb to cover
kumbh to cover
kurd to play; deri. kurdita
kul to collect; to be related or to behave as a kinsman; to proceed uninterruptedly; to reckon
kujw to shine
kujs to speak
kuj to make any inarticulate sound, to hum; to coo; to warble
klup to be fit for; to be able; deri. klupta, kalpitum
krs to draw; to plough; deri. krsta, karstum, akrsya, cakrsbas
kēp to shake or tremble
kēl to shake; to sport
kai to sound; deri. kata, kayat, cakivas
knath to hurt, to injure, to kill
knuy to make a creaking sound; to be wet; to sink
kmar to be crooked
krath to injure, hurt or kill
krad to be confounded, to grieve
krand to lament; to grieve
krand to call out; to cry
krap to pity; to go
kram to walk; to step; to go, to cross; to leap; to ascend; deri. kranta, kramitum, cakranvas
krid to amuse oneself; to play; to gamble; to make a noise or creak or break
kruc to make crooked; to bend or curve; to lessen
kruw to call out; to cry
klath to hurt or kill
kland to call out; to cry
klam to be fatigued; deri. klanta, caklanvas
klind to lament
klib to behave like a eunuch; to be timorous or modest or unassuming
klu to go
klēv to serve
klēw to speak inarticulately; to impede
kvan to jingle; to tinkle; to hum; to warble
kvath to boil; to decoct; to digest
ksaj to kill
ksaj to go, to give
ksad to cut, to protect, to eat
ksam to forgive; to suffer; to allow; to put up with; to resist; to be able to do anything
ksamp to forgive or endure
ksar to flow; to ooze; to wane; to become useless, to melt
ksi to decay; to wane, to waste
ksit to make an inarticulate sound
ksiv to eject from the mouth; to vomit; to spit out; deri. ksyuta, praksivya
ksij to speak inarticulately
ksib to be drunk or intoxicated
ksiv to be drunk or intoxicated
ksiv to spit out
ksud to go
ksup to be intoxicated
ksubh to be agitated; to disturb
ksump to go
ksēv to spit out
ksai to wane, to decline; to decay, to waste away; deri. ksama, ksēya
ksmay to tremble; to shake
ksmil to wink
ksvid to be wet or unctuous; to discharge juice, to emit sap
ksvid to be wet
ksvēl to leap, to move; to shake
khakkh to laugh at
khaj to churn; to agitate
khaj to limp
khat to desire
khand to break, to cut, to tear to pieces
khad to be firm, to kill
khan to dig up; deri. khata, khēya
khab, khamb to go
kharj to pain; to worship
khard to bite, to sting
kharb to go
kharv to proud or haughty
khal to gather or collect; to move or shake
khas to injure, hurt or kill
khad to eat; to devour
khit to fear, to frighten
khu to sound
khuj to rob; to steal
khund to limp; to break into pieces
khurd to play
khēl to shake; to tremble; to play
khēv to serve
khai to strike; to be firm; deri. khata, khayat
khot, khod, khor, khol to limp, to be lame
gaj to sound or roar; to be drunk or confused
gaj to sound
gad to distil
gand to affect the cheek
gad to speak, to say
gand to affect the cheek
gam to go; deri. gata, agamya, jagmivas
garj, gard to roar; to growl; to thunder
garb to go
garv to be proud
garh to blame; to censure
gal to eat; to drip
galbh to be bold or confident
galh to blame, to censure
ga to go
gadh to set out for, to dive, to seek, to compile, to string together, to stay
gah to dive, to bathe; to penetrate, to agitate or churn, to be absorbed in; to hide onself in; to destroy; deri. gadha, gahitavya
gu to speak inarticulately; deri. guta, gotum, gavamana, juguvana
guj to hum or buzz
guj to hum or buzz, to sound inarticulately
gunth to enclose; to envelope
gund to envelope, to protect, to pound
gud to play
gudh to play
gup to protect, to conceal
gup to censure; to despise, to hide
gard-grd to play
gurv to endeavour, to elevate
guh to cover; to hide
gr to sprinkle, to wet
grj, grj to sound, to roar, to grumble
grh to take; to seize
gēp to shake
gēv to seve
gēs to search; to investigate
ga to sing, to relate; deri. gita
gost to assemble; to collect; to heap together
granth to be crooked or wicked, to bend
granth to bind, to arrange in a regular order
gras, glas to eat; to devour, to swallow; to consume; to seize; to eclipse; to destroy; deri. grasta, jagrasana
gruc, gluc to steal; deri. grukta
gluh to take
gluc to go
glēp to be poor or miserable; to shake
glēv to serve or worship
glēs to seek
glai to despond, to wane; to be fatigued
ghagh to laugh
ghat to act; to be intently occupied with; to happen; to be united with; to come to, to reach
ghatt to shake
ghant to speak; to shine
gharb to go
ghas to eat; to devour
ghinn to take
ghu to sound
ghut to return; to exchange
ghun to stagger; to reel
ghunn to take
ghus to be beautiful or brilliant
ghus to sound, to proclaim
ghujs to diffuse lustre
ghurn to whirl; to roll; to reel
ghr to sprinkle
ghrnn to take
ghrs to grind, to pound, to strike, to rub, to brush, to polish
ghra to smell
nu to sound
cak to be satisfied, to repel; to resist, to shine
cak to be satisfied
cabk to reel; to roll
cac to go; to shake; to leap
cat to break, to rain, to cover
can to go, to sound
cand to be angry
cat, cad to beg, to request
can to kill
cand to be glad; to shine
cap to console; to sooth
cam to eat; to drink
camp to go
camb to go
cay to go
car to go; to walk, to graze; to eat; deri. carya, cēranacarya an instructor
carc to discuss, to condemn; to censure
carb to go
carv to chew, to eat; to browse; to chop; to bite
cas to eat
cah to be wicked; to be proud; to cheat
cay to worship, to discern
cit to send out
cit to perceive; to think; to recover consciousness
cint to remember
chill to become loose; to act wantonly; to sport
chik to endure
cibh to coax, to boast
cib to take, to wear, to cover
cucya to bathe, to churn, to press
cudd to sport, to hint one's meaning
cunt to cut off
cund to become small, to cut off
cup to move slowly
cumb to kiss
culump to swing, to rock; to agitate
cull to sport, to make amorous gestures
cus to drink
crp to excite; to light
cēl to shake; to go
cēst to act
cyu to go; to drop down; to fall, to swerve
cyut to flow; to trickle
chat to cover; to veil; to hide
chand to cover
cham to eat, to consume
chas to hurt; to injure, to kill
chrd to kindle
chrs to beg or request
jaj to fight
jaj to fight
jat to become matted (as hair)
jad to heap
jap to mutter, to mediate
jabh to yawn, to gape; deri. jabdha, jambhitum, jajabhana
jam to eat; deri. janta, jantva, jamitva
jamm to destroy
jarc, jarch to speak, to blame
jal to strike, to be rich, to hide; to encircle, to be sharp; to be cold, stiff, dull, or dumb
jalp to speak, to prattle, to babble, to murmur, to chatter, to praise
jas to kill
jas to injure, to strike
jajs to protect, to release
ji to conquer; to overcome; to surpass, to win, to restrain
jinv to please; to be lively, active, busy; to excise; to animate, to promote, confer
jim to eat
jis to sprinkle
jiv to live, to revive, to live upon
ju to go, to be quick
jug to abandon; to exclude
jut to shine
jus to reason; to investigate; to be satisfied; to hurt
jumbh to gape; to yawn; to expand; to open; to spread; to increase, appear, to rise
jf to grow old, to waste away; to decay; deri. jirna, jarat
jēs to go
jēh to try, to go
jai to decay
jyu to go
jri to conquer; to defeat, to grow old
jvar to be hot with fever or passion; to be ill; deri. jurna
jval to blaze; to glow; to shine; deri. prajvalya
jhat to become matted together (as hair), to become confused or entangled
jham to eat; to consume
jharjh to speak; to hurt, injure or kill; to menace
jhas to hurt, injure or kill
jhas to take, to put on or wear
tabk to bind
tal to be confused
tik to go
tik to go, to resort to
tauk to go
tval to be confused
di to fly; to pass through the air; deri. dayita
dhauk to go, to approach; deri. upadhaukya, dudhaukana
tak to laugh at; to bear, to fly or rush upon
taks to cut off; to make thin; to wound, to form; deri. tasta
taks to eat; to pare, to cover
tabk to live in distress
tabg to go; to stumble; to tremble
tac to go
tat to be raised, to rise, to groan
tand to strike
tan to confide in, to assist; to pain with disease, to be harmless, to sound; deri. tata
tandr to be exhausted, to be disturbed in mind
tap to shine, to be hot; to make hot, to suffer pain, to injure or hurt, to undergo, to perform penance
tay to go
tarj to threaten, to terrify, to scold, to mock
tard to injure, to hurt or kill
tajs to decorate; to shake, to pour out, to request
tay to spread, to protect
tik to go or move
tij to whet
tij to endure or bear patiently
tip to drop, to ooze; deri. tipta, tēpamana
til to go
till to go
tik to go
tiv to be strong or fat or corpulent
tuj to hurt, injure or kill
tuj to reach, to kill, to be strong, to take, to dwell, to protect to cloth, to strike, to push, to emit, to incite, to give
tud to split, to push, to injure, to hurt
tudd to disregard, to condemn
tund to disregard, to condemn
tup to injure, hurt or kill
tuph to injure, hurt or kill
tubh to injure, hurt or kill
tump, tumph to injure, hurt or kill
tumb to distress, to hurt
turv to kill
tus to sound
tuh to hurt, to kill, to pain
tud to split, to disregard
tul to weigh, to measure
tus to satisfy or to be satisfied
trks to go
tf to swim, to cross over, to float, to surmount; to master completely, to fulfil, to escape from; deri. tirna, taritavya, uttirya
tēj to protect
tēp to ooze, to shake
tēv to lament; to play
tod to disregard
tyaj to abandon, to leave, to quit, to let go, to renounce, to except, to distribute, to disregard
trakh to go
trabk to go
trabkh, trabg to go
trand to act; to try; to be busy or active
trap to be ashamed or abashed; to be embarrassed
trajs to speak; to shine
trijkh to go
trup, truph, trump, trumph to kill, injure or hurt
trai to protect; deri. trata or trana, paritraya
trauk to go
tvaks to make thin
tvabg to go; to tremble
tvac to go; deri. tyakta
tvis to shine; to glitter
tsar to creep; to crawl; to proceed crookedly or fraudulently
thurv to injure, hurt or kill
daks to increase, to do or act quickly
daks to go; to kill
dad to give; to offer; to present
dadh to hold: to possess
dajw to bite; to sting; deri. dasta
day to pity, to give; to go; to protect; to kill; to take
dal to break; to split; to expand, to open
dah to reduce to ashed; to burn; to scorch; to torment; deri. dagdha
da to give; deri. datta, dēya, yacchat, dadivas
dan to cut off, to straighten; deri. didajsita
day to give
daw to give; to offer an oblation
das to give
dinv to be glad or pleased, to gladden, to please
div to lament; deri. dēvitva or dyutva
diks to be shaved; to perform a sacrifice, to invest with a sacred thread; to practise self-restraint; to teach religious observances; to prepare oneself for the performance of a sacred rite; to dedicate oneself to
du to go; deri. duna, dutva, dotum
durv to kill; deri. durta
duh to injure, hurt or kill
drp to light; to kindle; to inflame
drbh to tie; to string
drw to see; to behold; to visit; to learn; to investigate
drh, drjh to increase; to prosper; to fasten; to be firm
df to fear; deri. darksrna
dē to protect; deri. datta, dayamana, datum, digyana
dēv to play, to sport; to lament
dai to purify; to cleanse, to be purified
dyut to shine; to be bright
dyai to despise; to disfigure
dram to go; to run
drakh to become dry; to be able; to prevent; to adorn
dragh to be able; to stretch; to exert oneself; to be weary; to vex; to wander about
drajks to desire, to utter a discordant sound
drad to cut, to split
drah to wake
dru to go, to flow, to run; to retreat, to melt; to attack, to rush
drēk to sound; to show joy; to be exhilarated
drai to sleep; deri. drana, nidraya
dvr to cover, to appropriate
dhan, dhan to sound
dhanv to go
dhav to run; to flow, to cleanse, to wash; deri. dhautva
dhiks to kindle, to be harassed or weary, to live
dhinv to please, to delight
dhuks to kindle; to be harassed or weary, to live
dhurv to injure, hurt or kill; deri. dhurta
dhu to shake, to excite
dhup to heat, to fumigate, to perfume, to be heated
dhr to hold, to support, to possess, to keep, to seize, to place
dhrj, thrj to go
dhrs to come together, to hurt or injure, to offend
dhē to suck, to drink, to draw; deri. dhita, dhatum, sajdhaya
dhor to go quickly, to run, to trot; to be skilful
dhma to blow; to breathe out, to produce sound by blowing, to blow a fire, to manufacture by blowing; deri. adhmaya, dhamat, dadhmivas, dhmasyat
dhyai to think of, to meditate, to recollect; deri. dhyat
dhraj to go
dhranj to go
dhran to sound as a drum or other instrument
dhras to glean
dhakh to be dry, to be able
dhradh to be able or competent
dhrajks to desire; to caw; to crow
dhrad to divide; to split
dhrij to go
dhru to be firm
dhrēk to sound; to be filled with joy
dhrai to be pleased
dhvaj to go
dhvaj to go
dhvan to sound
dhvan to sound
dhajs to fall down; to perish; to go
dhvajks to desire; to caw; to crow
dhvr to bend; to kill
naks to go
nakh to go
najkh to go
nat to dance; to act (as a dramatic part)
nat to sound; to roar; to thunder; deri. nadya, pranadya
nand to be glad or satisfied
nabh to destroy, to perish