Terms to Know
Anesthetic 2.2 / Numbing chemical
Bilateral Symmetry 1.1 / Symmetry in which body parts are arranged in a similar way on both sides of the body, with each half being a mirror image of the other half
Biological indicators 3.3 / Species whose overall health reflects the health of their particular ecosystem
Camouflage 1.1 / Adaptation that allows animals to be concealed in their surroundings
Cartilage
3.1 / Tough, flexible tissue that joins vertebrae and bakes up all or part of the vertebrate endoskeleton
Carnivore 1.1 / Animal that eats only other animals or the remains of other animals
Chordates
3.1 / Animal that has a notochord, a nerve cord, gill slits, and a postanal tail present at some stage of development
Closed circulatory system 2.2 / Blood circulation system in which blood moves through the body in vessels
Crop 2.2 / Digestive system sac in which earthworms store ingested soil
Detritivore 1.1 / Animal that feed on tiny bits of decaying matter
Detritus 1.1 / Bits of decaying matter
Ectotherm
3.1 / Vertebrate animal whose internal temperature changes when the temperature of its environment changes
Endoskeleton
3.1 / Supportive framework of bone and/or cartilage that provides an internal place for muscle attachment and protects a vertebrate’s internal organs
Endotherm 3.1 / Vertebrate animal with a constant internal temperature
Estivation 3.3 / Inactivity in hot, dry months during which amphibians hide in cooler ground
Fins 3.2 / Fanlike structures attached to the endoskeleton
Gill slits
3.1 / In developing chordates, the paired openings found in the area between the mouth & digestive tube
Gizzard 2.2 / Muscular digestive system structure in which earthworms grind soil & organic matter
Herbivore 1.1 / Animal that eats only plants or parts of plants
Hermaphrodites
2.2 / Animal that produces both sperm and eggs in the same body, but its sperm cannot fertilize its own eggs.
Hibernation
3.3 / Cyclic response of inactivity and slowed metabolism that occurs during periods of cold temperatures and limited food supplies
Invertebrate 1.1 / An animal without a backbone
Lateral line system 3.2 / Sensory system in the fish made up of a shallow, canal-like structure that extends along the length of the body and is filled with sensory organs
Metamorphosis 3.3 / Developmental process, from birth to juvenile to adult
Mimicry
1.1 / An adaptation in which one animal closely resembles another animal in appearance or behavior
Nerve cord 3.1 / Tubelike structure above the notochord that in most chordates develops into the brain and spinal cord
Notochord 3.1 / Firm but flexible structure that extends along the upper part of the chordate’s body
Omnivore 1.1 / Animal that eats plants and animals or animal flesh
Parapodia 2.2 / Paired, fleshy outgrowths on the segments of marine worms
Postanal tail 3.1 / Muscular structure at the end of a developing chordate
Radial Symmetry 1.1 / Body parts arranged in a circle around a central point
Scales 3.2 / Thin, hard plates that cover a fish’s skin and protect its body
Sessile 1.2 / Describes an organism that remains attached to one place during its lifetime
Setae
2.2 / Bristlelike structures on the outside of each body segment that helps segmented worms move
Swim bladder
3.2 / Air sac that allows fish to adjust its own density in response to the density of the surrounding water
Tube feet
2.4 / Pressure-driven, hollow, thin-walled tubes that end in suction cups and enable echinoderms to move
Vertebrae
3.1 / Stack of back bones that alternate with cartilage to form the backbone of the endoskeleton
Vertebrate 1.1 / Animal with a backbone
Water-vascular system 2.4 / Network of water-filled canals that allows an echinoderm to move, capture food, give off wastes, and exchange CO2 and O2
Concepts to Know
Formal name + Meaning for Segmented Worms2.2 / Annelid / “Little rings” because they have tube-shaped bodies that are divided into many segments
Segmented Worms Symmetry / Bilateral
Describe how an earthworm moves
2.2 / Long muscles contractSome segments bunch upSetae stick out, anchoring the worm to the soilCircular muscles contractSetae are pulled in, allowing the worm to move forward
Trace the path of food through the digestive system 2.2 / MouthPharynxCropGizzardIntestineAnus
Define & Describe Castings
2.2 / Castings = Piles of wastes at openings of earthworm burrows
Help to fertilize the soil by returning nutrients; Also burrows provide space of air and soil to flow thru and mix the soil
Type of earthworm circulatory system2.2 / Closed circulatory system, meaning blood flows through vessels
What are aortic arches? 2.2 / Up to 5 pairs of heartlike structures that pump blood through the body
TRUE / FALSE
An individual worm can fertilize its own eggs. 2.2
Formal name + Meaning for Marine Worms2.2 / Polychaetes / “Many bristles” because setae occur in bundles
How do setae in marine worms differ from setae in earthworms? 2.2 / Earthworms / Each segment (except 1st & last) has four pairs of setae
Marine worms / Setae occur in bundles on each segment
Describe where sessile polychaetes based on the following...
2.2 / Where do they live? / “Bottom dwelling” – ocean floor
Gas exchange / Through specialized tentacles
Obtain food / Through specialized tentacles
Defense mechanism / Can build tubes around their bodies; When startled, retreat into tubes
In which type of marine worms are parapodia found? What is their purpose? 2.2 / Type? / Free-swimming
Purpose / Help with feeding and locomotion
Name one difference between leeches and earthworms
2.2 / Earthworms / Leeches
- Round, long bodies
- Setae on each segment
- Live in moist soil
- Eat soil nutrients
No setae
Live in freshwater
Eat blood, aquatic insects & other organisms
Describe how a leech attaches to its host and why the host can’t feel them
2.2 / Have a sucker at each end of the body; Produce chemicals, including an anesthetic, that numbs the wound so the bite isn’t felt; Important because it allows easy access to nutrition for the leech without interruption from its host
How and why are leeches beneficial following surgeries? 2.2 / Keep blood flowing to the repaired area – leeches feed on the blood o the surgical site and chemicals in their saliva prevent the blood from clotting
Another chemical dilates blood vessels, improving blood flow and allowing the wound to heal more quickly
What is the value of segmented worms in farming aeration? 2.2 / By constantly burrowing through the soil, earthworms help aerate the soil to provide space for the passage of both air and water in the soil
What is the value of segmented worms in farming nutrients? 2.2 / By grinding and partially digesting a large amount of plant material in the soil, earthworms speed up the return of nitrogen and other nutrients to the soil for use by plants.
What is the value of segmented worms in medicine? 2.2 / Leech chemicals that keep blood flowing at surgical sites are now being tested as treatments for heart or circulatory diseases, like strokes, arthritis, or glaucoma, and to prevent blood clots
Meaning for name Echinoderms 2.4 / “Spiny skin” because of a hard endoskeleton covered by thin bumpy or spiny skin
Describe Echinoderm symmetry and benefits of this
2.4 / Radial symmetry
Allows them to sense food, predators, and other stimuli in their environment from all directions
Describe Echinoderms’ Nervous System + Stimuli to which they respond 2.4 / Have no head or brain, but do have a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth
Light and touch
Name four functions of the water-vascular system 2.4 / Move
Exchange CO2 and O2 with their surroundings
Capture food
Release wastes
Describe the relationship between pressure, tube feet, and motion 2.4 / As pressure in the tube feet changes (by squeezing in the ampulla), the animal is able to move along by pushing out and pulling in its tube feet.
Describe the purpose of tube feet in sea stars 2.4 / Opening the shells of prey; Allows sea star to push stomach into slightly opened shell…
How do sea stars consume and digest food? 2.4 / … where the stomach will surround the soft body of the prey and secrete enzymes to help digest it; When finished, stomach is pulled back in thru mouth
Describe two cases for sea star regeneration 2.4 / Loss of arm only / Grow a new arm
Loss of arm + portion of central disc / Grow whole new sea star from that arm; Remaining sea star can grow a new arm
Describe a Brittle Star’s body structure and its benefit for survival 2.4 / Fragile, slender, branched arms that break off easily
While predator is eating a broken arm, brittle star can escape; Able to quickly regenerate lost parts
Describe the purpose of tube feet in Brittle Stars2.4 / To move food particles to the mouth
(Arms are for motion)
TRUE / FALSE
Sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea biscuits are echinoderms without a five-point pattern. 2.4
Describe the defense mechanism for sea cucumbers 2.4 / May expel internal organs, which can regenerate in a few weeks
What is the value of echinoderms in recycling? 2.4 / By feeding on dead organisms, echinoderms help to recycle nutrients
What is the value of echinoderms in environmental control? 2.4 / Sea urchins control the growth of algae in coastal areas. Sea stars are important predators that control populations of other animals
What is the value of echinoderms in research and medicine? 2.4 / Many echinoderms are used as research subjects and some might be possible sources of medicines
What is the value of echinoderms in damage to the sea food industry? 2.4 / Because sea stars are important predators, the sometimes feed on oysters and clams in such vast amounts that they destroy millions of dollars’ worth of mollusks each year
Six Characteristics of Animals
1.1 / Animals are made of many cells – different kinds to carry out different functions.
Animal cells have a nucleus and specialized structures inside, called organelles.
Animals depend on other living things in the environment for food.
Animals digest their food – they must break down food into simpler molecules so that it can move into cells.
Many animals move from place to place to meet their needs. If they are unable to move quickly or at all, they have special adaptations to meet their needs.
All animals are capable of reproducing sexually – some asexually.
3 Physical Adaptations Used to Avoid to Predators 1.1 / Outer coverings, like those found in pill bugs, porcupines, and turtles
Size – large animals are less likely to be attached than smaller animals, generally
Mimicry – if predators can’t distinguish between two similar looking organisms, they are unlikely to attack either
3 Behavioral Adaptations Used to Avoid Predators
1.1 / Chemicals used to escape predators, like skunks spray or squid/octopus ink
Speed – ability to outrun predators
Traveling in groups, for prey, schools of fish resemble an organism too large to attack, and for predators, wolves hunt in packs
Describe how both predators and prey can use camouflage 1.1 / Prey / Gives opportunity to be concealed from predators
Predator / Gives opportunity to sneak up on prey
Describe the composition of the Notochord 3.1 / Made of fluid-filled cells that are enclosed in a stiff covering; Many will be replaced by backbones
The Postanal Tail is an extention of the Notochord. 3.1
What 2 structures does the nerve cord become? 3.1 / Front end enlarges to form… / Brain
Remainder becomes spinal cord
What 2 structures can the gill slits become? 3.1 / Fish / Internal gills where CO2 and O2 are exchanged
Humans / One pair becomes the tubes that go from the ears to the throat
Name 2 reasons why the
endoskeleton is important 3.1 / Provides a place for muscle attachment
Supports and protects the organs
What is the backbone composed of? 3.1 / Stack of bone discs alternating with cartilage, surrounding and protecting the spinal nerve cord
How is the endoskeleton used to protect the central nervous system? 3.1 / Vertebrates have a head with a skull that encloses and protects the brain.
What 3 fish features allow them to move rapidly through the water? 3.2 / Streamlined shape / Muscular tail / Fins
Name the 3 functions for fins 3.2 / Steering / Balancing / Moving
What are scales made of? Can they have multiple shapes? 3.2 / Bone / Yes; Possible shapes include: tooth-, diamond-, cone-shaped and round
What does the lateral line system enable a fish to do? 3.2 / To sense its environment
To detect movement
Describe the path of water takes thru the fish in order to exchange gases 3.2 / Fish takes water into mouthWater passes over gillsO2 from water is exchanged with CO2 from blood
Describe the purpose of teeth in fish 3.2 / Not chewing – But capturing prey or tearing chunks off food
How do fish reproduce?
How is this controlled?
3.2 / Sexual reproduction
Controlled by sex hormones dependent on temperature, length of daylight, and availability of food
4 Physical features of cartilaginous fish
3.2 / Skeletons made of cartilage
Movable jaws
Well-developed teeth
Skin covered with tiny scales
Name 2 reasons why shark populations are decreasing at an alarming rate 3.2 / Overfishing
Shark reproduction is slow
Define density in mathematical terms / Density = Mass / Volume
As the swim bladder fills with gases, the fish’s density decreases
itrises/floats in the water.
As the swim bladder deflates, the fish’s density increases & it sinks.
If the swim bladder contains gases that allow the fish’s density to be equal to the density of water, then the fish neither sinks nor floats -- also known as being buoyed.
Describe how gases get into & out of the swim bladder / Gases are transferred between the swim bladder and the blood.
Name one special feature of the lobe-finned fish / Lobelike, flesh fins; Thought to be extinct until one was discovered off the coast of South Africa in the 1930’s
Name one special feature of the lungfish / Has one lung and gills; Can live in shallow waters with little O2; Estivate and can breathe air during droughts
Name one special feature of the ray-finned fish / Fins made of long, thin bone covered with skin; Examples include tuna, salmon, swordfish, eels
Meaning of name for Amphibians + Reason 3.3 / Amphibios = “Double life” because amphibians spend part of their lives in water and part on land
How do amphibians hibernate? 3.3 / Bury themselves in mud or leaves
How do amphibians estivate? 3.3 / Hide in the ground
Describe the process of respiration in amphibians 3.3 / Have moist, thin skin with capillaries beneath skin and around the mouth
The above make it possible for O2 and CO2 to be exchanged thru the skin and mouth lining; Small simple saclike lungs for further O2 and CO2 exchange
Describe the type of heart an amphibian has and how blood moves through it 3.3 / Three-chambered heart / First chamber receives O2-filled blood from the lungs and skin; Second chamber receives CO2-filled blood from the body; Third chamber receives blood from both – sending O2-filled blood to body and CO2-filled blood back to the lungs
Sexual reproduction in amphibians is external, meaning it occurs outside the body, after the female has laid eggs. 3.3
Describe the physical differences of amphibians in the two stages of metamorphosis 3.3 / Tadpoles
Live in water
Have fins, gills, and a tail
Have two-chambered heart / Frogs & Toads
Develop legs for life on land
Have lungs
Develop three-chambered heart
Lose fins, gills, and tail
Where are the eyes and nose located in frogs & toads?
Why is this beneficial? 3.2 / Bulging eyes and nostrils on top of the head
Allow for seeing and breathing while rest of body is submerged in water
Describe the location of the tongue in the mouth of amphibians. Why is this important? 3.3 / Attached to front of mouth
When they see prey, their tongue flips outAt contact, prey gets stuck on tongue’s sticky salivaTongue flips back into mouth; Allows for variety in diet – both live prey (insects, worms, spiders) and some species eat berries
What is the tympanic membrane? Why is this important? 3.3 / Round membranes located just behind the eyes
Vibrate like an eardrum in response to sounds and are used by frogs and toads to hear
Name 5 reasons why amphibians are important
3.3 / Are insect predators and help keep some insect populations in check
Are a food source for other animals, even humans
Action of toxins on poison arrow frogs is studied to learn more about nervous system, its disorders, and treatment
Researchers using amphibians in regeneration studies in hopes of developing new ways of treating humans who have lost limbs or are born without limbs.
Because they live on land and reproduce in water, amphibians are affected differently by chemical change in the environment. Toxic gases, pesticides, fertilizers, and water pollutants can be absorbed directly through their skin. Therefore, amphibians are considered to be biological indicators.