Roles of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilizer in Carbon Sequestration in a Chinese

Supplementary Information for

Roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer in carbon sequestration in a Chinese agricultural ecosystem

Hong Zhao1, Binfeng Sun2, Fei Lu3,4*, Xiaoke Wang3, Tao Zhuang1, Guo Zhang3, Zhiyun OuYang3

Jinan Environmental Research Institute, Jinan, China,

2 Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China

3 Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

4 Joint Center for Global Change Studies (JCGCS), Beijing, China

*Correspondence to:

SI1 Introduction of data collection information and data distribution

Peer-reviewed published articles (published before May 2016) were retrieved by searching for titles, abstracts, or keywords. Key words contained “fertilizer application”, “nitrogen (N) fertilizer”, “phosphorus (P) fertilizer”, “potassium (K) fertilizer”, “soil organic C”, “soil C storage”, “soil organic matter”, and their combinations were input in ISI-Web of Science, Chinese Core Journal databases (CNKI and Wanfang databases), and Google Scholar (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA).

Based on the criteria of studies selection in this paper, we set the data source as the following Table S1.

Table S1 Data source of synthetic fertilization impact on soil carbon storage

Experimental sites / Cropping systems / N kg N ha-1yr-1 / P2O5 kgP2O5 ha-1yr-1 / K2O kg K2O ha-1yr-1 / Experimental durations / Synthetic fertilization types / Reference
Northeast
Liaoning AAS / Maize / 75 / 75 / 75 / 1980-1990 / CK, P, N, NP, NPK / Wu et al., 1996
Shenyang Agricultural University / Maize-Maize-
Soybean / 120 / 60 / 60 / 1979-2005 / CK, P, N, NPK / Wang et al., 2008
Shenyang, Liaoning / Rice / 220 / 32 / 42 / 2002-2004 / CK, NPK / Yu et al., 2007
Fuxin, Liaoning / Maize / 120 / 60 / 1995-2006 / CK, N, NP / Li et al., 2013
Lingyuan, Liaoning / Maize / 150 / 75 / 1995-2006 / CK, N, NP
Hailun, Heilongjiang / Maize-Soybean-Wheat / 112.5 / 45 / 30 / 1990-2010 / CK, PK, NP, NK, NPK / Lu, 2011
Hailun, Heilongjiang / Maize-Soybean / 107 / 20 / 1985-2001 / CK, P, NP / Shi et al., 2002
Hailun, Heilongjiang / Maize-Soybean-Wheat / 150 / 75 / 75 / 1993-2007 / CK, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Zhang et al., 2010
Haerbin AAS, Heilongjiang / Maize-Soybean-Wheat / 150, 300 / 75, 150 / 1980-2010 / CK, NP / Luo et al., 2013
Gongzhuling, Jilin / Maize / 165 / 82.5 / 82.5 / 1990-2009 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Jiang, 2013
Jilin AAS / Maize / 165 / 82.5 / 82.5 / 1980-2012 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Yu et al., 2009
Gongzhuling AAS, Jilin / Maize / 165 / 82.5 / 82.5 / 1990-2009 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Xie, 2011
Tonghua, Jilin / Rice / 120 / 69 / 75 / 1983-1989 / CK, NPK / Liu et al., 2000
Mishan, Heilongjiang / Single Wheat-Maize / 52 / 64 / 1992-2001 / CK,NP / Tian et al., 2004
Dehui, Jilin / Single Maize / 75 / 65 / 60 / 1999-2005 / CK,NPK / Wang, 2007
North
Zhengzhou, Henan / Wheat-Maize / 353 / 175 / 175 / 1990-2009 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Wang et al., 2010
Henan AAS / Wheat-Maize / 240 / 120 / 120 / 1980-1995 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Sun et al., 2002
Fengqiu AAS, Henan / Wheat-Maize / 300 / 135 / 300 / 1989-2010 / CK, NK, PK, NP, NPK / Wang et al., 2013
Zhumadian, Henan / Wheat-
Soybean / 120, 240 / 60, 120 / 120 / 1981-2010 / CK, N, P, NP, NPK / Sun et al., 1999
Runan, Henan / Wheat-Maize / 165, 330 / 120, 240 / 240 / 1981-1997 / CK, N, P, NP, NPK / Zhang et al., 1999
Changping, Beijing / Wheat-Maize / 135, 270 / 63.5 135 / 225 / 1984-2003 / CK, N, P, NP, NPK / Huang et al., 2006
Shangzhuang, Beijing / Wheat-Maize / 280, 560 / 160 / 90 / 2006-2013 / CK, NPK / Huang, 2013
Ninghe, Tianjin / Maize / 150 / 50 / 50 / 2006-2013 / CK, N, NK, NP, NPK / Yang et al., 2010
Tianjin / Wheat-Maize / 474 / 133.5 / 75 / 2003-2007 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Jin, 2006
Hangu, Tianjin / Rice / 213 / 32 / 87 / 1979-2004 / CK, N, NP, NK, NPK / Shen et al, 2007
Laiyang, Shandong / Wheat-Maize / 276 / 90 / 135 / 1978-1991 / CK, N, NP, NK, NPK / Liu et al., 2005
Yucheng, Shandong / Wheat-Maize / 504 / 264 / 504 / 1978-2003 / CK, PK, NP, NK, NPK / Zhao et al., 2012
Xinjimalan, Heibei / Cotton / 241 / 25.5 / 96 / 1990-2009 / CK, N, P, NP, NK, NPK / Jin, 2006
Xinjimalan, Heibei / Wheat-Maize / 420 / 180 / 180 / 1986-2003 / CK, NPK / Xing et al., 2010
Hengshui, Heibei / Wheat-Maize / 180 / 120 / 1981-2006 / CK, NP / Du et al., 2009
Hengshui, Heibei / Wheat-Maize / 90, 180, 360 / 60, 120, 240 / 1981-2000 / CK, NP / Yang et al., 2015
Northwest
Fukang, Xinjiang / Wheat / 150, 300 / 75, 150 / 60 / 1991-2000 / CK, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Zhou and Wang, 2014
Xinjiang AAS / Maize-Wheat-Wheat / 300 / 120 / 120 / 1990-2009 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Xie et al., 2011
Wulumuqi, Xinjiang / Wheat-Maize / 242 / 121 / 121 / 1990-2007 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Jiang, 2013
Shanxi AAS / Wheat-Maize / 120 / 60 / 1984-1990 / CK, N, NP / Wang et al., 2000
Changwu, Shanxi / Wheat / 120 / 60 / 1984-2004 / CK, N, P, NP / Zhao et al., 2007
Zhangye, Shanxi / Wheat-Maize / 150 / 75 / 75 / 1981-2004 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Jiang, 2013
Pingliang, Shanxi / Wheat-Maize / 90 / 30 / 1978-2004 / CK, N, NP
Yangling, Shanxi / Wheat-Maize / 353 / 82.2 / 146.3 / 1990-2009 / CK, N, NP, PK, NK, NPK / Li et al., 2010
Zhangye, Gansu / Wheat-Maize / 120 / 60 / 60 / 1982-1991 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Jin and Ma, 1995
Zhangye Anyang, Gansu / Wheat / 300 / 82.5 / 1992-2003 / CK, N, P, NP / Yang et al., 2005
Longdong, Gansu / Wheat / 120 / 90 / 1993-1996 / CK, N, P, NP / Liu et al., 2003
Tianshui, Gansu / Wheat / 150 / 75 / 75 / 1981-2011 / CK, N, NP, NPK / E, 2012
Southern Loess Plateau / Wheat / 135 / 47.1 / 56 / 1990-2010 / CK, NPK / Yang et al., 2011
Weiwu, Baiyun, Gansu / Wheat-Maize / 300 / 150 / 1988-2006 / CK, NP / Zeng, 2011
South
Hangzhou, Zhejiang / Rice-Rice / 315 / 69 / 132 / 1990-2005 / CK, PK, NP, NPK / Zhang, 2009
Haining Xucun, Zhejiang / Rice-Wheat / 375 / 187.5 / 187.5 / 1990-2008 / CK, N, NP, NK, NPK / Liao et al., 2011
Leshan, Sichuan / Wheat-Rice / 240 / 120 / 120 / 1981-1992 / CK, NP, NPK / He et al., 1996
Beipei, Chongqing / Rice-Wheat / 285 / 126 / 126 / 1990-2007 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Jiang, 2013
Southwestern University / Rice / 150 / 75 / 75 / 1994-2001 / CK, N, NP, NK, NPK / Wang, 2005
Suining, Sichuan / Rice-Wheat / 240 / 120 / 120 / 1980-2006 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Jiang, 2013
Wuchang, Hubei / Rice-Wheat / 150 / 75 / 150 / 1980-2009 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Jiang, 2013
Nanhu AAS, Hubei / Rice-Wheat / 150 / 75 / 150 / 1981-2006 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Hu et al., 2010
Fujian AAS / Rice-Rice / 240 / 165 / 270 / 1981-1990 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Liu et al., 1994
Minhoubaisha, Fujian / Rice / 207 / 54 / 270 / 1983-2008 / CK, NPK / Wang et al., 2010
Chuxiong, Yunnan / Rice-Wheat / 240 / 120 / 60 / 1987-1998 / CK, NP, PK, NK, NPK / Wang et al., 2000
Wengyuan, Guangzhou / Rice-Rice / 300 / 180 / 72 / 1981-1987 / CK, N, NP, NK, NPK / Tan et al., 1990
Taishan, Guangzhou / Rice-Rice / 300 / 76.5 / 150 / 1984-1988 / CK, N, NP, NK, NPK
Tianhe AAS, Guangzhou / Rice-Rice / 240 / 34.8 / 66.3 / 1983-1992 / CK, N, K, P, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Zhou, 1994
Zengcheng AAS, Guangzhou / Rice-Rice / 300 / 71.4 / 150 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Zhang et al., 2005
Yingtan Yujiang, Jiangxi / Rice-Rice / 230 / 136 / 84 / 1990-2010 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Chen et al., 2013
Jinxiangaoqiao, Jiangxi / Rice-Rice / 180, 360 / 90, 180 / 150 / 1981-2003 / CK, N, K, P, NP, NK, NPK / Chen et al., 2011
Jinxian, Jiangxi / Maize-Maize / 120, 240 / 60, 120 / 120 / 1986-2010 / CK, N, K, P, NP, NK, NPK / Wang, 2012
Nanchang, Jiangxi / Rice-Rice / 330 / 120 / 300 / 1984-2009 / CK, NPK / Ji et al., 2012
Taihu AAS, Jiangsu / Wheat-Rice / 161 / 119 / 135 / 1980-2004 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Xiao et al., 2007
Yangzhou University / Wheat-Rice / 420 / 75 / 120 / 2008-2012 / CK, NPK / Ma et al., 2013
Suzhou wujiang, Jiangsu / Rice-Rape / 427 / 45 / 134 / 1987-2008 / CK, NPK / Liu, 2011
Suzhou, Jiangsu / Rice-Wheat / 300 / 128 / 165 / 1980-2005 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Shen2007
Hangzhou xihu, Zhejiang / Rice-Wheat / 270 / 90 / 150 / 1996-2008 / CK, NPK / Xu, 2009
Xuzhou, Jiangsu / Wheat-Maize / 300 / 150 / 225 / 1980-2000 / CK, N, NP,, NPK / Jiang, 2013
Changshu, Jiangsu / Rice-Wheat / 360 / 150 / 300 / 1990-2005 / CK, NPK / Sun et al., 2008
Wujiang, Jiangsu / Rice-Rape / 427 / 45 / 84 / 1987-2004 / CK, NPK / Zhou, 2007
Jurong, Jiangsu / Rice-Wheat / 300 / 100 / 310 / 1983-2001 / CK, NPK / Xu et al., 2007
Taoyuan, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 182.3 / 39.3 / 197.2 / 1990-2004 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Chen et al., 2010
Wangchenghuangjin, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 330 / 77.4 / 199 / 1981-2007 / CK, NP, NK, NPK / Nie et al., 2010
Qiyang, Hunan / Wheat-Maize / 300 / 120 / 120 / 1990-2009 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Xie, 2011
Hengyang, Hunan / Wheat-Maize / 300 / 120 / 120 / 1990-2003 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Wang, 2005
Guanshanping, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 145 / 112.6 / 76.6 / 1982-2012 / CK, NPK / Dong et al., 2014
Wugang, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 320 / 38 / 136 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, NPK / Hao, 2008
Nanxian, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 510 / 69 / 168 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, NPK
Linli, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 310 / 46 / 134 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, NPK
Taojiang, Hunan / Maize-Rice / 510 / 54 / 268 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, NPK
Zhuzhou, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 540 / 52 / 228 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, NPK
Wugang, Hunan / Rice-Rice / 320 / 38 / 136 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, NPK
Ningxiang, Hunan / Maize-Rice / 530 / 34 / 218 / 1987-2003 / CK, NP, NK, NPK
Guizhou AAS / Maize / 165 / 82.5 / 82.5 / 1995-2010 / CK, N, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Jiang, 2014
Huangshan AAS, Anhui / Rice-Rice / 300 / 150 / 150 / 1987-1995 / CK, N, NP, NPK / Liu et al., 1998
Chuxiyangliu, Anhui / Wheat-Maize / 300 / 98 / 1981-1997 / CK, NPK / Kong et al., 2004
Mengcheng AAS, Anhui / Wheat / 187.5 / 90, 45 / 135 / 1994-2004 / CK, NP, NK, PK, NPK / Wang et al., 2007

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Fig. S1Distribution of data obtained for the effects ofsynthetic fertilizer application on soil organic carbon storage

Fig. S1 showed the distribution of experimental sites in the collection studies, and the experimental sites were typical in different regions.

SI2 Data CollectionMethod

Specific descriptions of the data collection methods were shown as below:

The means, standard deviations, and replications of soil organic C concentrations or densities for no fertilizer and synthetic fertilizer treatments were collected from the published studies, including tables, texts and figures. Data from figures were extracted using digitizing software (GRAFULA 3 v.2.10, Wesik SoftHaus, St Petersburg, Russia). Ancillary information on basic chemical properties of soils from the experimental sites (0–20 cm depth) was also collected. Additionally, agricultural management information such as fertilization rate, cropping system utilized, experimental site, and duration were also extracted from the articles. Some studies provided bulk density (BD) values. For those studies that did not report exact BD values, BD =1.377×e-0.0048×SOC was utilized to estimate soil BD values (Song et al. 2005). Soil organic C density was calculated as follows:

SOCD =SOC × BD × H (S1)

where SOCD and SOC are the soil organic C density and soil organic C concentration, respectively, and H is the thickness of the cultivated layer in croplands. In this study, we took 0–20 cm depth soil layer.

Reference

Song GH, Li LQ, Pan GX, Zhang Q (2005) Top soil organic carbon storage of China and its loss by cultivation. Biogeochemistry 74: 47–62

SI3Introduction of data acquisition and specific method in Meta-analysis

The individual effects of N, P, and K fertilizer on soil C storage were extracted as shown in Table S2.

Table S2 Data collected methods of the impacts of nitrogen(N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) on soil organic carbon storage in the meta-analysis

Investigated fertilizer / Fertilization treatment / Corresponding treatment
N / N / No fertilizer
NP / P
NK / K
NPK / PK
P / P / No fertilizer
NP / N
PK / K
NPK / PK
K / K / No fertilizer
NK / N
PK / P
NPK / NP
NPK / NPK / No fertilizer

SI4Brief Introduction of meta-analysis method employed in this paper

Unweighted meta-analysis was adopted because most of the collected papers did not provide a measure of variance for soil C storage (Gurevitch and Hedges 1999; Rosenberg et al. 2000). Following the techniques of Curtis and Wang (1998), the meta-analysis was conducted using a meta-analytical software package (METAWIN 2.1.3.4, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA, USA) (Rosenberg et al. 2000).

The variations in the effects of synthetic fertilizer on soil C storage were further categorized according to the (1) cropping system (rice–rice, wheat–rice, wheat–maize, and single maize/wheat/rice (single)); (2) experimental region (northeast [lower annual mean temperature, with single cropping], north [warm, with double upland cropping], northwest [warm and dry, with single cropping] and south [hot and moist, with double cropping]); (3) experimental duration (< 10, 10–20, and > 10 years); and (4) fertilization rate.