ldl8of PS;g g]kfn4f/f ljZj k|]; :jtGqtf lbj;–d] #, @)!^ df sf7df08f}+df cfof]lht /fli6«o ;]ldgf/df bfxfn4f/f k|:t't sfo{kq . sfo{kqsf] ljB'tLo skL www.mediaactionnepal.org af6 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog
sfzL/fh bfxfn[1]
!= ljifo–k|j]z
hgtf /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t / lg0ff{os zlQm dflgPsf] Joj:yf nf]stGq xf] . nf]stGqdf /fHosf lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx? hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ x'g'kb{5 . nf]stGq cfkm}df lhDd]jf/k"0f{ Joj:yf xf] . /fHo ;~rfng ug]{x?df lhDd]jf/Lsf] jf]w x'g ;s]df g} nf]stGq cy{k"0f{ x'g] xf] . cfw'lgs ljZjn] nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t cGt/j:t'nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z u/L To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ clek|fon] æ;+j}wflgs nf]stGqÆsf] dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . nf]stGqsf ljleGg cGt/j:t' dWo] ;'zf;g dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf lglDt ;"rgfsf] xs dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] .
gful/ssf] xs clwsf/sf] /Iffsf] lglDt /fHoJoj:yfnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bflo agfpg /fHosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf hjfkmb]lxtf -Accountability_, hg;xeflutf -People's Participation_ / kf/blz{tf -Transparency_ cfjZos dflgG5 . o;sf] cefjdf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsGg . kf/blz{tf - Transparency_ eGg'sf] cy{ –
"In Politics, transparency is used as a means of holding public officials accountable and fighting corruption. When a government's meetings are open to the press and the public, its budgets may be reviewed by anyone, and its laws and decisions are open to discussion, it is seen as transparent, and there is less opportunity for the authorities to abuse the system for their own interests."
-Mattozzi, Andrea; Merlo, Antonio (May 2007)."The transparency of politics and the quality of politicians".American Economic Review(American Economic Association)97(2): 311–315.
gful/ssf] ;"rgfdf ;xh kx'Fr ePdf zf;sx? zfl;tk|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ . h;sf] kl/0ffd hgtfsf] lxtdf gLlt, lgod, sfg'g, of]hgf agfpg zf;sx? lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L k|0ffnL, ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] lg0f{ok|lqmof / sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] lglDt ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Fr cfjZos x'G5 . nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; x'g gful/s ;zQmLs/0f cfjZos kg]{ ePsfn] ;"rgfsf] xsn] gful/snfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{, /fHosf sfd sf/jfxLdf lgu/fgL k'¥ofpg], gful/sn] k|Zg p7fO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] lg0f{odf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] h:tf l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] xssf] cfjZostf / dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n'sx?n] ;+ljwfg / ljz]if sfg'gåf/f gful/ssf ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"t u/L æv'nf ;/sf/Æsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] klg ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf lj=;+= @)$& ;fnb]lv ;+j}wflgs jfrf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
@= ;"rgfsf] xssf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?
;g\ !&^^ df :jL8]gn] ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ sfg'gL ;+/If0f k|bfg u¥of] . ;g\ !(() ;Dd !# j6f /fHox?n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvPsf]df tt\kZrft\ clxn];Dd !)! eGbf a9L d'n'sx?n] ;+ljwfg / ljz]if sfg'gåf/f gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ ;+/lIft u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . $) j6feGbf a9L d'n'sx?n] t ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] klg lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ hf/L u/]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg k'u]sf], To;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#n] klg lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] / @)&@ sf] gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;d]t cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 .
;g\ !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf ePkl5sf] klxnf] clwj]zg -!($^_ n] ;"rgfsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f hf/L ul/Psf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f !(, /fhgLlts tyf gful/s clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f !( nufot ljleGg dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ /fHon] ;Ddfg / k|rng u/fpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ljlwzf:qn] ;"rgfsf] clwstd ;fj{hlgsLs/0fsf] l;4fGt, v'nf ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf, ;"rgf k|jfxdf /fHosf] ;qmLo e"ldsfsf] lgwf{/0f, ;"rgf aGb]hLsf ;Lldt Joj:yf, ;"rgf kfpg] ;/n sfo{ljlw, ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+/If0f, ;"rgf k|jfxsf] ;/n Joj:yfsf lglDt ;"rgf cfof]u h:tf :jtGq cfof]u jf lgsfosf] ljz]if Joj:yf h:tf s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . oxL l;4fGtnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n['sx?n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL cfw'lgs ljlwzf:qn] b]xfosf dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg alnof] sfg'gL Joj:yf, sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsf/L ;+oGq lgdf{0f Ifdtf ljsf;sf lglDt b]xfosf l;4fGtsf ;fy ljZj cleofg s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 .
· ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g aGbf To:tf] sfg'gn] clwstd ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{, ;"rgfdf aGb]hL eGg] s'/f ckjfb dfq x'g'kg]{], ;/n k|lqmofaf6 ;"rgf kfpg] Joj:yf ug]{, ;"rgfsf] sfg'gdf –gful/ssf] ;"rgfdf ;xh kx'Fr, ;"rgf k|jfx ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] If]q lj:tf/, ;"rgf dfUg] ljlw, ;"rgf glbPdf k'g/fj]bg / pkrf/, b08 / hl/jfgf Pjd\ k|j4{gfTds Joj:yf x'g'kg]{,
· zf;g Joj:yfdf gful/ssf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf / ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ æ;"rgfsf] xsÆ xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fHoåf/f :jLsf/ u/L k|efjsf/L?kdf nfu" ug]{,
· alnof] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'g / sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsf/L ;+oGq geP;Dd æv'nf ;/sf/Æ -Open Government_sf] cjwf/0ffn] ;fy{stf k|fKt gug]{ x'Fbf To;sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug]{,
· sfd sf/jfxLdf gful/s ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] dfWodåf/f e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf] /f]syfd u/L ljlwsf] zf;gk|lt ljZjf; hufO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;qmLo x'g],
· ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|efjsf/L k|rngsf] lglDt To;k|lt /fHosf] alnof] cy{k"0f{ k|lta4tf -Meaningful Commitment_ x'g'kg]{,
· ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;Ddfg / k|rng ug{ u/fpg /fHon] ljz]if sfo{of]hgf -Action Plan_ agfO{ nfu" ug]{ u/fpg],
· alnof] /fHo lgdf{0fsf lglDt d'n'sdf ;'zf;g, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg / clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f h:tf sfo{ u/L zf;g ug]{ j}wtf k|flKtsf lglDt gful/sk|lt pQ/bfoL Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#= g]kfn / ;"rgfsf] xs
g]kfndf @)$& ;fneGbf klxn] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL :ki6 ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ ljz]if cnUu} s'g} sfg'gL Joj:yf lyPg . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] pkhsf] ¿kdf hf/L ePsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs k|bfg u¥of] . To; ;+ljwfgdf æk|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] s'g} ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5, t/ sfg"g adf]lhd uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}gÆ egL pNn]v ul/of] . ;+ljwfgdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg To;a]nf ;+;baf6 tT;DaGwL ljz]if sfg"g aGg g;Sbf df}lns xssf] ;f] Joj:yf 3f]if0ffTds k|s[ltsf] ¿kdf /xL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] clwjQmf /fw]Zofd clwsf/Låf/f bfo/ ul/Psf] /fhb't lgo'QmL ;DaGwL d'2f -@)$*_, clwaQmf afns[i0f Gof}kfg]åf/f bfo/ ul/Psf] 6gsk'/ af“w kl/of]hgfsf] d'2f -@)$*_, 8f= /fh]z uf}td ;d]tåf/f bfo/ ul/Psf] c¿0f t]>f] ;DaGwL d'2f -@)%!_, sfzL bfxfnåf/f bfo/ ul/Psf] uf}td j'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagL ;DaGwL d'2f -@)%#_ nufotsf ljleGg d'2fx¿df ;"rgfsf] xssf] JofVof / ljj]rgf u/L ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg sfg"g lgdf{0fsf lglDt ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . t/, To; ljifodf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ubf{ klg ;dodf g} s'g} sfg"g aGg ;s]g . hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# sf] kl/0ffd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg"g nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf cg'¿k th'{df ug{ ljz]if ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f] ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] d:of}bfsf] cfwf/df Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] sfg"g agfO{ hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @& n] æk|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g]5 t/ sfg"gåf/f uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ s/ nufPsf] dflgg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;"rgfsf] xs cGtu{t cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt u¥of] . gful/ssf] ;"rgfdf kx'“r a9fpg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ / tT;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^% hf/L ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ sf] wf/f @& n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePs} Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gn] clwstd\ ;"rgf k|jfxsf] l;4fGt, v'nf ;/sf/sf] dfGotf, ;"rgf glbg]nfO{ sf/afxL / ;"rgfsf] b'?kof]u ug]{nfO{ ;hfo ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts bnx?sf] sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t ;"rgfsf] xssf] bfo/fdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf] b]xfosf] ljifo;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx gul/g] Joj:yf jfx]ssf cGo ;"rgf gful/ssf] kx'Fr leq /fv]sf] 5 .
-s_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs zflGt
;'Joj:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf uDeL/ vnn kfg]{,
-v_ ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft tyf cleof]hgdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{,
-u_ cfly{s, Jofkfl/s tyf df}lb|s lxt jf af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f jf
a}lÍË jf Jofkfl/s uf]kgLotfdf uDeL/ cf3ft kfg]{,
-3_ ljleGg hfthflt jf ;Dk|bfoaLrsf] ;';DaGwdf k|ToIf ?kdf vnn
kfg]{,
-ª_ JolQmut uf]kgLotf / JolQmsf] hLp, Hofg, ;DklQ, :jf:Yo, jf
;'/Iffdf vt/f k'¥ofpg] .
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] clen]vdf P]g adf]lhd k|jfx ug{ ldNg] / gldNg] ;'rgf eP k|jfx ug{ ldNg] ;"rgf 5'6\ofP/ k|jfx u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;"rgf k|jfx gug'{kg]{ plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePsf]df afx]s To:tf] ;"rgf k|jfx ug{] bfloTjaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfo klG5g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L ;qmLo ;"rgf k|jfxåf/f v'nf ;dfhsf] :yfkgf u/L pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ /fHo Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfg'gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; p2]Zo ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f / ;Ldfx? lgwf{/0f ug'{ sfg'g;Ddt x'Fb}g .
$= /fhgLlts bn / cfly{s kf/blz{tf
/fHozlQm k|fKt u/L cf–cfkm\gf gLlt sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ePsf gful/sx?sf] ;Ël7t :j?k g} …/fhgLlts bnÚ xf] . nf]stflGqs /fHoJoj:yfdf bnLo k|0ffnLnfO{ /fhgLlts ;dfhsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n'sx?sf] /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] cWoog ubf{ /fhgLlts bnx?n] hgtfsf] OR5fnfO{ cleJoQm ug'{kg]{, bnx?sf] cfGtl/s ;+u7gdf nf]stflGqs rl/qnfO{ clËsf/ u/]sf] x'g'kg]{, bnx?sf] lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ h;cGtu{t bnx?n] cfkm\gf] ljQLo sf]if, To;sf] ;|f]t / n]vfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f u/L ;do–;dodf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{, nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ IfL0f ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt x'g] /fhgLlts bnx? cj}wflgs x'g] h:tf Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
/fhgLlts bnsf] lqmofsnfkdf kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ODffGbfl/tf sfod u/L d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n'sx?n] lglZrt Joj:yfx? u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;cg';f/– -!_ JolQmut sf]ifsf] lgodg -Regulating Private Funding_ M /fhgLlts bnsf] :jtGqtf / :jR5tf sfod /fVg lglZrt k|sf/ / k|s[ltsf cfly{s ;xfotf lng gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufpg] Joj:yf u/]sf], h;df ljb]zL /fHo / ljb]zL sDkgLaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u / rGbf lngdf /f]s, ljb]zdf k};f /fv]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] bn g} cj}wflgs x'g] Joj:yf, ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaaf6 cfly{s ;xfotf / rGbf lngdf lgoGq0f, j]gfdL JolQmaf6 /sd hDdf ug{ /f]s cflb -@_ lgjf{rgsf] :j5tf sfod u/fpg Pjd\ :jfy{ut åGå -Conflict of Interest_ cfpg glbg] p2]Zon] lglh If]qaf6 ;xof]u lng lg?T;flxt u/L /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ /fHoaf6 g} lglZrt cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf -Increasing Public Funding_ M h;cg';f/ hd{gLdf ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgdf Ps k|ltzt dt k|fKt ug]{ /fhgLlts bnnfO{ /fHosf]ifaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yf, :jL8]gdf rf/ k|ltzt dt k|fKt ug]{ /fhgLlts bnnfO{ /fHoaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ Joj:yf, 8]gdfs{, 6ls{, Oh/fon, gj]{ h:tf d'n'sx?df /fHoaf6 r'gfjL vr{ pknAw u/fpg] h:tf Joj:yf 5 . o:t} Go"gtd dt -Threshold_ k|fKt gug]{ bnnfO{ dfGotf glbg] Joj:yfx? ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . blIf0f clk|msfn] ;dfg'kflts / ;dGoflos ?kdf /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . -#_ vr{sf] ;LdfÍg -Setting Spending Limit_ M /fhgLlts bnx?n] lgjf{rgdf ug]{ c:j:y k|ltikwf{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ lgjf{rg vr{sf] ;LdfÍg ug]{ / To; adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f lgjf{rg cfof]udf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . oltn] dfq gk'uL /fhgLlts bn / lgjf{rgdf p7]sf pDd]bjf/n] pDd]bjf/Lsf ;fy cfkm\gf] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf kf/bzL{ / OdfGbfl/tfnfO{ k|a4{g ug{ cfjZos dflgPsf] 5 .
cfly{s sf]if / n]vf b'?:t /fvL To;sf] ;|f]t / vr{;d]t n]vf k/LIf0f u/fO{ jflif{s ?kdf k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfåf/f /fhgLlts bnx?sf cfly{s lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ cfw'lgs ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . a9\bf] e|i6frf/n] sfg'gL zf;gsf] dfGotf / ;'zf;gk|lt ulx/f] rf]6 k'¥ofPsf] sf/0f ljZj ;d'bfo lrlGtt agL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|of;df hf/L ePsf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, @))# n] lglh If]qnfO{ ;d]t sfg'gL sf/jfxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] u/L ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] k[i7e"lddf /fhgLlts bnx?n] ;d]t e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yfnfO{ dgg\ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw;Ddt x'g] lsl;daf6 ljBdfg e|i6frf/;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g x'g cfjZos 5 .
· ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs lgsfo cyf{t /fhgLlts bnx?n] ;d]t gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0fsf lglDt b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /x]sf] 5 –
-s_ ;"rgf juL{s/0f / cBfjlws u/L ;do–;dodf ;fj{hlgs k|sfzg / k|;f/0f ug]{ u/fpg],
-v_ ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr ;/n / ;xh agfpg],
-u_ cfkm\gf] sfd sf/jfxL v'nf / kf/bzL{ ?kdf ug]{,
-3_ ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs k|sfzg jf k|;f/0f ubf{ ljleGg /fli6«o efiff tyf cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 ug]{ .
· /fhgLlts bnx?n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf % adf]lhd /fhgLlts bnx?n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] bn;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf cBfjlws u/L /fVg], o:tf] ;"rgf k|To]s tLg–tLg dlxgfdf cBfjlws u/L k|sfzg ug'{kg]{,
· ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ cg';f/ /fhgLlts bnx?n] cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts bn / sfof{nodf /x]sf] ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ / bnsf lhDd]jf/ JolQm -k|d'v_ n] cfkm\gf] bn / sfof{nodf /x]sf] ;"rgf lgoldt ?kdf ;"rgf clwsf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{,
· nf]stflGqs dfGotfg';f/ /fhgLlts bnx?n] cfkm\gf] cfly{s sf]ifsf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ljj/0f n]vf k/LIf0f u/L jflif{s ?kdf ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug]{,
· /fhgLlts bnx?n] ;"rgfsf] e08f/0f, clen]v / k|jfxsf lglDt cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] clwstd k|of]u ug]{,
· /fhgLlts bnx?n] bnsf] cfGtl/s hLjgdf ;d]t ;qmLo ;"rgf k|jfx d}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{,
· /fhgLlts bnx?n] jfXo d'n's jf To:tf d'n'ssf sDkgL, ;/sf/ cGt/utsf lgsfo jf 5b\de]ifL jf gfd gvf]nLsg} lbg] s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cfly{s ;xof]u glng] Joj:yf ug]{ / d'n'sdf :jR5 lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDt bnx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cfwf/df ;dGoflos lsl;dn] cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .
%= ;"rgfsf] xs M sfof{Gjog / r'gf}tL
nf]stGqdf /fhgLlts bnx? g} d'Vo ?kdf ;+ljwfg kl/rfng ug]{ dfWod ePsfn] /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg, pgLx?sf] cfly{s sf]if kf/bzL{ u/fpg, ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfox?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;"rgfsf] xs dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/x? x'g ;Sb5 . g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'g hf/L ePkl5 Eof6 5nL k|s/0fdf c/af}+ ?k}Fofsf] 3f]6fnfnfO{ hf]ufpg, clgoldt ?kdf cfon lgudn] ljt/0f ug]{ t]nsf] /f]syfd ug{, k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] clgoldt ?kdf ug]{ skL k/LIf0fsf] sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{, /f;folgs dn ljt/0fdf ePsf] clgoldttf /f]Sg, 5fqj[lQdf /x]sf] clgoldttf ;'wf/ ug{, k+r]Zj/ ljsf; k|flws/0fsf] ljwfg pknAw u/fpg, dflyNnf] s0ff{nL ljsf; kl/of]hgf ;+emf}tf ;DaGwL ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs u/fpg, /fhgLlts bn btf{ ;DaGwL dtbftfsf] ;dy{go'Qm x:tfIf/sf] sfuhft ;d]t gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fpg / To:tf] sfuhft slDtdf aL; jif{;Dd ;'/lIft clen]vLs/0f u/L /fVg, pQ/ k'l:tsfx? ;fj{hlgs ug{, nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 pDd]b\jf/x?sf] hDdf k|fKtfÍ pknAw u/fpg, /fhgLlts bnx?n] cfkm\gf ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug{ nufot ljleGg ljifodf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gsf cfwf/df /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]un] tT;DaGwL ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ ljleGg cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;"rgfsf] xs d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ u/fpg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg cfd gful/sdf cem klg ;"rgfsf] xssf] dxTjsf ljifodf hfgsf/L x'g g;Sg', ;"rgf dfUg] sfo{df gful/sx? a9L ;qmLo gx'g', ;"rgfsf] juL{s/0f ;dod} :ki6 ?kdf ug{ g;Sg', ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfosf] ;"rgf k|jfxdf b]vfpg] pbfl;gtf h:tf sltko sf/0fn] cemklg ;"rgfsf] xssf] h'g k|efj d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfdf kg'{ kg]{ xf] Tolt dfqfdf kg{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df nf]stGqnfO{ hLjGt agfO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{ u/fpg ;qmLo ;"rgf k|jfx k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf lglDt b]xfosf] ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 M–
· ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg kl/l:yltdf hf/L ePsf] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] sltko Joj:yfx? vf;u/L /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] u7g ubf{ l;kmfl/; ;ldlt u7gsf] ljifo, /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq lgdf{0f, ;"rgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf cfof]u / ;+;b aLrsf] ;DaGw h:tf ljifodf ;d]t ljBdfg sfg'gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;}u/L ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n /x] ePsf ljBdfg ljleGg P]g÷lgodx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L tL sfg'gx?nfO{ gful/ssf] ;"rgf xsd}qL agfpg' kg{],