© 2015

PanikarI.I., Сandidate of Veterinary Science

PoltavaStateAgrarianAcademy

MORPHOLOGY OF LUMPHOID FORMATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF TUBE-LIKE ORGANS OF DOMESTIC SWINE AT EARLY STAGES OF POSTNATAL PERIOD OF ONTOGENESIS

Reviewer–Doctor of Veterinary Science P.I. Lokes

It has been found out that morphological features of the development of lymphoid formations associated with mucous membranes of tube-like organs are connected with their topography and they are the criteria to evaluate the state of non-specific and specific immune reactivity of the pig’s body. Their cytostructure is represented by the population of relevant cellular elements. The dynamics of the relative area of the lymphoid patches varies irregularly:it increases in the anterior and medium parts of the jejunum up to the age of 14thday and in the posterior part – tillthe age of 7thdayand then gradually decreases till the age of 29thday.

Key words: pigs, environment, digestive tract, lymphocytes, lymphoid patches, lymphoid tissue.

Statement of the problem.Gastro-intestinal tract belongs to the open systems of the body, it is the barrier for xenobiotic substances that enter the alimentary canal from the environment and it is formed by diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue associated with mucous membranes [5,10].

Analysis of main investigations and publications that contain the solution of the problem. Immunocompetence of the mucous membrane is provided by a large number of different factors of the in-born immunity and by the representatives of the normal microflora [1]. Intestineis greatly influenced by exogenic antigens. Due to the duration of the passing of food through the digestive tract the contact with food antigens is very close. So, the fact is not surprising that lymphoid tissue is widely represented, it plays an important role in the peripheral immune system. The mucous membrane of the tube-like organs of digestion contains lymphoid formations such as intestinal patches, single and group lymphoid nodes [4,7,8].

Two parts can be separated in the immune system of mucous membranes: inductive (lymphoid tissue) and effector (directly mucous membrane). In the former the processes of immunological identification, antigen presentation as well as the formation of the population of antigen-specific lymphoid cells takes place. In the effector part T-lymphocytes that provide cell-mediated forms of mucous membrane protection and B-lymphocytes that provide humoral immune protective reactions are accumulated [6,9,11].

The aim of work was to determine the peculiarities of the morphology of lymphoid formations of mucous membrane of tubular organs of pigs at the early stages of post natal period of ontogenesis.

The task was to study the cytostructure, location and the degree of the development of lymphoid tissue and lymphoid formations depending on the animal morphotopography and age.

Materials and methods. The parts of duodenum and jejunum of the small intestineof clinically healthy pigs were taken for the histological and morphometric study.

The morphometric investigation has been conducted with the help of the depiction analyzer that consists of the microscope MicroMed with micro photo attachment and with the software Fly video, seria EZ and the personal computer. To measure the metric characteristics the software ImageJ for Windows ® (version 2,0) in interactive regime with the use of the objective x 16 and photoocular x 10has been used. The projection of the divisions of ocular micrometer ruler on the object-micrometer ruler that are in the set of the microscope MicroMed has been used for the calibration of the image analyzer[2].

Results of investigations. According to the conducted investigations the lymphoid apparatus of the duodenum of the pigs at the early stages of postnatal period of ontogenesis was formed by the lymphoid cells of the epithelial covering, single lymphoid nodules and lymphoid patches. The lymphoid nodules of the lymphoid patches are located diffusively. Their cytostructure was represented by the population of such cellular elements as small and medium-sized lymphocytes, large lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, reticular cells and macrophages. Small and medium-sized lymphocytes prevailed among the above cells.

In the jejunum there were single lymphoid nodules of the two types and lymphoid patches. More than 65% of lymphoid tissue in the lymphoid patches was represented by the domed lymphoid nodules. The other part of the lymphoid tissue (up to 30% ) was detected in the form of surface– located nodules. Interfollicular diffuse lymphoid tissue is between the differentiated and not sufficiently differentiated nodules of the lymphoid patches. The latter was also revealed between the intestinal crypts and in the submucosal base in the form of some clumpings of lymphoid cells. The secondary lymphoid nodes occupied the whole submucosal base and their dome protruded up to the epithelial layer and it was located between the villus of the mucous membrane.

The cellular composition of the lymphoid apparatus of the small intestine that is characterized by its potential protective properties and is formed under the influence of different immune excitations was represented by lymphocytes (small, medium and large), lymphoblasts, reticular cells and macrophages.

With the age the growth and the differentiation of lymphoid patches take places in pigs,it leads to the increase in the relative area of their lymphoid tissue that trustworthy changes depending on the compartment of the intestine. However, in the duodenum and in the median part of the jejunum in the new-born and 1day-old piglets the lymphoid patches have not been formed, they only appear in the 7 daysold pigs.

The conducted morphometric investigations have shown that the relative area of lymphoid patches of the duodenum increases with the age of pigs and it is 5,32±0,211 % at the age of 29 days (see table). In the anterior part of the jejunum the above parameters change asynchronically, the peak of their growth in pigs is observed at the age from 1 to 14 days.

Relative area of lymphoid patches of small intestine in pigs at early stages of post natal period of ontogenesis, 5 (M±m), n=5

Compartment of intestine / Animal age
2 hours after birth / 1 day / 7 days / 14 days / 29 days
Duodenum / – / – / 2,53±
0,135 / 3,48±
0,131*** / 5,32±
0,211***
Anterior part of jejunum / 1,84±
0,123 / 2,02±
0,118 / 1,42±
0,084*** / 1,59±
0,127 / 1,4±
0,061
Median part of jejunum / – / – / 1,24±
0,054 / 1,69±
0,094*** / 1,22±
0,075***
Hind part of jejunum / 0,98±
0,056 / 1,04±
0,051 / 2,06±
0,091*** / 1,12±
0,092*** / 1,47±
0,085**

Note: *- р<0,05, **- р<0,01, *** - р<0,001

In the median part of jejunum the peak of the growth in pigs was observed at the age of 14 days, in the hind part of jejunum at the age from 7 to 29 days (Table,picture 1).

Picture 1. Dynamics of relative area of lymphoid patches of small intestine in pigs at early stages of post natal period of ontogenesis

Thus, the development rate of the lymphoid tissue of the lymphoid formations associated with mucous membranes of the tube-like organs in the domestic swine at the early stages of post natal period of ontogenesis has some features that are common for the given kind of animals and depends on the animal age and morphotopography and the above features are the criteria for the assessment of morphofunctional state of non-specific and specific immunological reactivity of an animal body.

Conclusions:

1.The formation and the development rate of the immune system is manifestedby the structural reconstruction of organometric and histometric parameters of lymphoid formations of mucoius membranesof the intestine as a result of the adaptation of a new-born to the conditions of the environment.

2.The dynamics of the relative area of the lymphoid patches changes irregularly: it increases in the anterior and median part of the jejunum up to the age of 14thday, in the posterior part – tillthe age of 7thday and then gradually decreases to the age of 29thday.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

  1. Андреева А. В., Муратова Е. Т. Иммунный статус, микробоценоз кишечника поросят при отъемном стрессе и их коррекция / А. В.Андреева, Е. Т.Муратова. – Уфа, 2010. – 166 с.
  2. Горальський Л. П. Основи гістологічної техніки і морфофункціональні методи дослідження у нормі та при патології / Л. П. Горальський, В. Т. Хомич, О. І. Кононський // Житомир : вид-во Житомир ДАЕУ, 2005. – 284 с.
  3. Кораблева Т. Р. Лимфоидные образования кишечника млекопитающих /
    Т. Р. Кораблева / Наукові праці ПФ НУБіП України «КАТУ». Серія «Ветеринарні науки». – Сімферополь, 2011. – Вип. 133. – С. 86–92.
  4. Криштофорова Б. В. Морфофункціональний стан імунних утворів у новонароджених ссавців за дії ендо-екзогенних чинників / Б. В. Криштофорова // Вісн. держ. вищ. навч. закл. «Державний агроекологічний ун-т». – Житомир, 2008. – №1 (21), Т. 1. – С. 14–18.
  5. Криштофорова Б. Імунокомпетентні структури шлунка як прояв природної резистентності організму в поросят / Б. Криштофорова, О. Прокушенкова // Ветеринарна медицина України, 2008. – №9. – С. 20–23.
  6. Современные представления о строении, функции и иммунном ответе слизистых оболочек / [О. В. Кухаркина, В. В. Дрыгин, О. А. Борисова и др.] // Ветеринарная патология. – 2007. – №4. – С. 24–28.
  7. Овчаренко Л. С. Иммунная система слизистых оболочек и ассоциированная лимфоидная ткань: механизмы взаимодействия в норме и при патологии, пути их коррекции /
    Л. С. Овчаренко, А. А. Вертегел, Т. Г. Андриенко // Клінічна імунологія, алергологія. Інфектологія, 2008. – №4 – С. 25–30.
  8. Пестова И. В. Морфогенез лимфоидной ткани ротоглотки, пищевода и желудка свиней : автореф. дис. на соиск. уч. степени канд. биол. наук : спец. 16.00.02 «Патология, онкология и морфология животных» / И. В. Пестова. – Саранск, 2009. – 18 с.
  9. Blumberg R. Antigen presentation by intestinal epithelial cells / R. S. Blumberg,
    W. J. Lencer, Zhux // Immunol. Lett. – 1999. – V.68. – P. 7–12.
  10. Gonzalez-Ariki S. The role of sympathetic innervation of the gut in regulating mucosal immune responses / S. Gonzalez-Ariki, A. J. Husband // Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 1998. – №12 (1). – Р. 53–56.
  11. Mebius R. E. Organogenesis of lymphoid tissues / R. E. Mebius // Wature Rev. Immunology. – 2003. – Vol. 3. – P. 292–303.

1