Review Session #4

The 17th Century

(Chapters 13,14, & 15)

  1. Growth of the State (Political Developments)
  1. Overview: During the 17th century, nation states continued to grow. This meant greater centralization, larger bureaucracies, and increased taxation. Of course, the nobility opposed monarchs who were attempting to centralize. Some nobles were more successful than others in maintaining their regional power and social status. In England, the nobility succeeded in limiting the power of the king. In France, Louis XIV was successful in harnessing the nobility.
  2. Important Ideas
  1. Constitutionalism (England)
  2. Absolutism (France)
  3. Sovereignty (Nobles): freedom from outside control; independence in exercising power or authority
  1. France (Absolute Monarchy)

a.parlements

b.Henry IV & The Duke of Sully

c.Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu –

d.Intendants –

  1. raison d'etat ("reason of state")
  2. corvee – a labor tax on
  1. Louis XIV and Cardinal Mazarin
  1. Fronde –Divine Right –
  2. VersaillesSuppression of the Jansenists and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (politique?)
  3. Capable Ministers

1)Colbert (Minister of Finance): Mercantilism

2)Louvois (War Minister)

3)Vauban (Military Engineer)

  1. Wars

1)War of Devolution

2)Invasion of the Netherlands

3)Nine Years' War

4)War of the Spanish Succession (Peace of Utrecht)

  1. England (Constitutional Monarchy)
  1. The Stuart Dynasty (James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II)
  2. Nobility did not trust the monarchy (taxation, regional power, & social status)
  3. Long Parliament
  4. English Civil War (Roundheads v. Cavaliers)
  5. Oliver Cromwell and the PuritanRepublic (Lord Protector)
  6. Glorious Revolution
  1. William and Mary
  2. Bill of Rights
  3. Toleration Act
  4. Act of Settlement
  1. Political Theorists
  1. Thomas Hobbs (Leviathan)
  2. John Locke (Second Treatise of Government)
  1. Prussia
  1. Hohenzollerns
  2. Frederick William the Great Elector
  3. Junkers
  1. Austria
  1. Habsburgs
  2. Conflict with Bourbons (Thirty Years' War)
  3. Leopold I

4. Magyars

5. Ottoman Empire (Balkan Peninsula)

  1. Russia
  1. Ivan the Terrible
  2. Time of Troubles and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty
  3. Peter the Great
  1. "Westernization" (St. Petersburg)
  2. Great Northern War (v. Sweden)
  3. Table of Ranks
  1. The Scientific Revolution (Intellectual and Cultural Developments)
  1. Overview: The 17th century witnessed one of history's most important intellectual developments. This "revolution" entailed a sweeping change in humankind's conception of the universe. Namely, it was discovered that the earth revolved around the sun, shattering the ancient belief that the earth and humankind were the center of the universe. Also, mathematics began to replace theology and metaphysics as the tool for understanding nature. The fusion of mathematics with empirical data and observation led people to believe that there was a "natural order" to the universe and that humankind, through reason could understand and eventually dominate nature (mechanical universe). The new attitudes and beliefs of the Scientific Revolution had a profound effect on European literature and philosophy as well. Ancient values and beliefs in all areas of Western thought were now being questioned and re-evaluated.
  2. Major Ideas and Themes
  1. Rationality
  2. Objectivity
  3. Empiricism
  1. Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton
  2. Witch-Hunts
  3. 17th-Century Literature (Cervantes, Shakespeare, Milton, & Bunyan)
  4. 17th-Century Philosophy: hoped to resolve the tension between the emerging science and religion (Bacon, Descartes, Pascal, & Spinoza)
  1. The Thirty-Years War (1618-1648)
  1. Four Stages
  2. Richelieu
  3. Peace of Westphalia
  1. Economic Developments
  1. Commercial Revolution Continues
  2. Mercantilism
  3. Emergence of Capitalism