Review Session #3

Review Session #3

The 16th Century

(Chapters 11 & 12)

1. The Reformation

1. Overview: A religious revolution, grounded in the Christian Humanism of Northern Europe during the 15th century, occurred during the 1500s. Those who wished to reform the Catholic Church soon realized that more drastic measures were necessary. Thus, Protestant religious movements (e.g., Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, etc.) sought to break away from the Church. Aside from the obvious religious effect of forever splitting the Christian religion into numerous sects, the Reformation also had profound political and social effects on Europe.
2. Martin Luther and the German Reformation

1. Main criticism = indulgences (but, also criticized other materialistic and secular practices of the Catholic Church: benefice system, concubinage, immunity of place, immunity of person, etc.)
2. Justification by faith
3. Bible as the ultimate authority (priesthood of all believers)
4. Peasant Revolt (depended on Luther's teachings)
5. Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire

1. Diet of Worms (Edict of Worms)
2. Peace of Augsburg (1555)

1. Other Protestant Religions

1. Zwingli

1. scripture test
2. Marbourg Colloquy

1. Calvin (Calvinism)

1. predestination
2. Geneva

1. Anglicanism

1. Henry VIII
2. Act of Supremacy (went through Parliament)
3. Sir Thomas More
4. Edward VI
5. Mary I

1. More "Radical" Protestant Movements

1. Anabaptism (complete separation of Church and State)
2. Antitrinitarians

1. Counter Reformation: the Catholic Church fights back

1. Jesuits (Ignatious Loyola)
2. Index
3. Council of Trent (1563)

1. Political and Social Affects of the Reformation

1. The Wars of Religion

1. Overview: During the second half of the 16th century, the Wars of Religion were fought primarily over Calvinist rights. Lutheranism was officially accepted under the Peace of Augsburg, but Calvinism was still an illegal religion. Often, the wars were just as political as they were religious. Many nobles turned to Calvinism to separate themselves from Catholic monarchs.
2. General Terms and Movements

1. politique
2. Protestant Resistance Theory
3. Baroque Art

1. French Wars of Religioun

1. Huguenots
2. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
3. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)

1. The Dutch Revolt (Revolt in the Netherlands)

1. Philip II
2. William of Orange (the Silent)

1. England v. Spain

1. Elizabeth I
2. Act of Supremacy & Act of Uniformity
3. Spanish Armada (1588)

1. Height of Habsburg Power (Political)

1. Overview: During the first half of the 16th century, Charles V ruled over a kingdom that included Spain and the Eastern Habsburg lands (Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary). This was the only time the two kingdoms would be joined. Upon retiring, Charles left Spain to his son, Philip II, and the EasternLands to his brother, Ferdinand I.
2. Golden Age of Spain
3. Spanish conquest and colonization of the New World

1. Beginnings of the Commercial Revolution and Mercantilism (Economic)

1. Overview: The voyages of exploration that began in the 1400s brought European nations vast new lands and new resources. Important changes occurred in ways of carrying on business and trade. Even greater changes took place in the ways that people thought about money and economic life. Thus, the developments of the years 1450-1700 are often referred to as the Commercial Revolution (e.g., profit motive, investment, capitalism, market economy, etc.)
2. Mercantilism (Colonies)

1. Exploration Continues

1. Conquest and Colonization of the Americas
2. England and France join the game