REVIEW GUIDE FOR CHAPTER 2 TEST

This is simply a guide that may help you for your test. It should simply serve as an outline to the subject matter and should not replace your text and notes during studying, but rather accompany your text and notes.

Be able to ………………

  1. construct and/or explain the matter diagram and background information while being able to define elements, compounds, heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture (solution). What are the 2 major differences between substances and mixtures?
  1. indicate number of protons, neutrons, electrons, valence electrons, stability, group (metal, nonmetal, metalloid) for elements given a periodic table.
  1. understand concepts of elements
  2. How many are there? Man Made?
  3. Diatomic elements (name them)
  4. Isotopes (actual examples)
  1. Use the electronegativity chart to determine the type of bond, then show bonding as stated in #5 and #6 below.
  1. demonstrate an ionic bond (using lewis dot and Bohr), with ions and indicate what is being oxidized and what is being reduced. What happens in an oxidation reaction? Reduction reaction?
  1. demonstrate a covalent bond (using lewis dot and structural formula)
  1. understand the states of Matter
  2. Characteristics of each, speeds of the molecules
  3. Pictures of each
  4. Latent Heats
  5. Phase
  1. have a concept of energy
  2. Endergonic vs. Exergonic; Endothermic and Exothermic
  3. energy absorbed or released
  4. Activation vs. free energy
  5. Catalysts purpose and relation to activation energy
  6. Determining number of molecules, and atoms for chemical formulas.
  7. Reactants vs. Products
  1. recognize characteristics of water
  2. Polarity
  3. Draw water molecules and the hydrogen bonds between them
  4. Hydrogen bonding (weak)
  5. Cohesion, adhesion, capillarity
  1. grasp solutions (solute, solvent, aqueous solutions, concentrations)
  2. Name examples of solutions
  3. is a substance polar, nonpolar, or ionic
  1. understand between Acids/ Bases
  2. Ions for each (hydrogen for acids vs. hydroxide for bases)
  3. For a given reaction, indicate acid or base or neutral
  4. Strong vs Weak (pH scale)
  1. Demos – were they endothermic (endergonic) or exothermic (exergonic)
  2. Labs: Electrolysis, Acid/base activity, margarine lab

Don’t forget terms throughout the unit and reading!!!! Many terms on this test.

MAJOR TERMS – CHAPTER 2

Matter

Substance

Mixture

Compound

Element

Heterogeneous mixture

Homogeneous mixture

Solution

atom

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Valence

Diatomic elements

Isotope

Protium (aka hydrogen)

Deuterium

Tritium

Covalent bonding

Ionic bonding

Reduction reaction (reduced)

Oxidation reaction (oxidized)

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Solidification (freezing)

Liquefication (melting)

Evaporation

Condensation

Deposition

Sublimation

Latent heat

Heat of vaporization

Heat of fusion

Reactant

Product

Activation energy

Catalyst

Enzyme

Endergonic (endothermic ) reaction

Exergonic (exothermic) reaction

Hydrogen bond

Polar

nonpolar

adhesion

Cohesion

Capillarity

Solution

Solute

Solvent

Saturation

Acid

Base

Alkaline

buffer

Chapter 2 Review Questions

This is simply a review guide and does not contain all material. Your notes and text together should have all material you need.

MATTER

  1. What are the 2 major groups of matter?
  2. What are 2 major differences between the 2 major groups of matter?
  3. What is the basic unit of matter?
  4. What are alloys?
  5. What type of matter is water?
  6. What type of matter is italian dressing?

ELEMENTS AND ATOMS

  1. How many elements are synthetic?
  2. What are the liquid elements?
  3. Name the diatomic elements.
  4. In terms of valence electrons, differentiate between the 3 groups of elements.
  5. What are isotopes.
  6. Draw the atomic structure of magnesium. Indicate the number of protons, neutrons, electrons, valence electrons, group of elements it belongs to, and whether it is stable or unstable.

BONDING (all bonding should be shown in the steps shown in class in order to provide partial credit on the test)

  1. Show the Lewis dot method and Bohr model of Bonding for salt.
  2. Show the Lewis dot method of bonding for CH4
  1. Is CH4 soluble (able to dissolve) in water? How do you know?
  2. Draw the phase diagram and indicate the type of latent heat for each phase.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  1. In 12C6H12O6 , state the number of molecules and number of each type of atom.
  1. What are catalysts in the body called?
  2. What purpose does a catalyst serve?
  3. Compare and contrast endergonic and endothermic reactions.

WATER AND SOLUTIONS

  1. What are 3 unique characteristics of water?
  2. What does polar mean?
  3. Why is salt soluble in water?
  4. What characteristics do water soluble substances possess?
  5. What 2 forces allow water to move up a plant stem?
  6. In iced tea, what is the solute and solvent?

ACIDS AND BASES

  1. If a substance is placed in water and produces hydronium ions, what does that indicate?
  2. If a substance is placed in water and produces hydrogen ions, what does that indicate?
  3. If a substance is placed in water and produces hydroxide ions, what does that indicate?
  4. What is the most effective method of determining if something is an acid or base?
  5. What is the range of the pH scale?

MISCELLANEOUS

  1. What type of matter is margarine?
  2. How did we separate water?
  3. Was the separation of water lab chemical or physical?