Review for Spring Final AP BIOLOGY
Evolution
Evolution Objectives
Upon the completion of the textbook reading and class discussion, the student will be able to:
1. Explain the importance of the fossil record to the study of evolution and describe how fossils form.
2. Describe Jean Baptiste Lamarck's model for how adaptations evolve.
3. Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection.
4. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time.
5. Explain why variation was so important to Darwin's theory.
6. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection.
7. Explain the difference between geographic and reproductive isolation.
8. List and describe three major causes of genetic variation.
9. Explain the concept of relative fitness and its role in adaptive evolution.
10. Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
11. Explain the concept of adaptive radiation..
12. Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures.
Classification Objectives (Campbell Chapters 27 and 28) (Prokaryotes and Protists)
1. List unique characteristics that distinguish archaea from bacteria.
2. Describe the three-domain system of classification and explain how it differs from
previous systems.
3. Explain how organization of the prokaryotic genome differs from that in eukaryotic
cells.
4. List the characteristics of protists.
Plant Diversity Objectives (Campbell Chapters 29-30 Plant Diversity)
1. List characteristics that distinguish plants from organisms in the other kingdoms.
2. Diagram a generalized plant life cycle indicating which generation is the sporophyte/
gametophyte, which individuals are haploid/diploid, where meiosis occurs and where
mitosis occurs.
3. Using the classification scheme presented in the text, list the plant divisions; give the
common name for each; and categorize them into nonvascular, vascular seedless and
vascular seed plants.
4 Describe adaptations of vascular plants, including modifications of the life cycle and
modifications of the sporophyte, that have contributed to their success on land.
5 Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.
6 Describe how the needle-shaped leaves of pines and firs are adapted to dry conditions.
7 Identify the following floral structures and describe a function for each:
a. Sepals f. Anther
b. Petals g. Stigma
c. Stamens h. Style
d. Carpels i. Ovary
e. Filament
8 Explain how animals may have influenced the evolution of terrestrial plants, and
vice versa.
Introduction to Animal EvolutionChapter 32 Campbell
1. List characteristics that distinguish animals from organisms in the other kingdoms.
2. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. .
3. list several characteristics of the phylum Chordata.
Plant Structure and Function Chapters 35-39 Campbell
1.) define the term meristem
2.) list several functions of stems
3.) explain what is meant by vascular tissue, xylem, and phloem.
4.) explain the function of the cuticle and the epidermal cells of a stem or leaf
5.) list and explain several functions of roots
6.) discuss the function of the epidermal layer and root hairs in roots
7.) discuss some causes of plant tropisms and explain how auxins drive many
of these tropisms
8.) explain the difference between phototropism, thigmotropism, hydrotropism,
chemotropism, chemotropism, and geotropism
9.) explain the difference between a tropism and a taxis
10.) discuss the function of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene gas, and abscicic acid in plants
Nutrition in Animals
1. define the terms ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
2. explain what is meant by an accessory organ and list at least three examples of these in the human digestive system.
3. state the hydrolytic end products of carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid, and lipid hydrolysis.
4. define the term peristalsis and state the alimentary canal organs where it occurs.
5. describe the shape and function of the stomach in humans.
6. discuss the composition and function of the components of gastric juice.
7. list two digestive functions of the liver.
8. recognize where bile is made and temporarily stored.
9. state the function of bile in the small intestine.
10. discuss the composition and role of pancreatic juice and intestinal juice in the small intestine.
11 discuss the function and location of the villi and the microvilli
12. state the chief function of the large intestine.
Animal Circulation and Gas Exchange (Chapter 42 Campbell)
1. explain gastrovascular cavities, and explain why a circulatory system is not needed.
2. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems.
3. List the components of a vertebrate cardiovascular system.
4. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits, and explain the function of each.
5. Trace a drop of blood through the human heart, listing the structures it passes through
en route.
6. List the four heart valves, describe their location, and explain their function. .
7 Compare the structures of arteries and veins, and explain how differences in their
structures are related to differences in their functions.
8. Describe the composition of lymph, and explain how the lymphatic system helps the
normal functioning of the circulatory system.
9. Explain how the lymphatic system helps defend the body against infection. .
10. Describe the general requirements for a respiratory surface and list the variety of
respiratory organs adapted for this purpose.
11. For the human respiratory system, describe the movement of air through air
passageways to the alveolus, listing the structures it must pass through on the journey.
12 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported and how it is involved in the regulation
of the respiratory rate at the medulla.
Animal Immunity (Campbell Chapter 43: The Body's Defenses)
1. Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense, and list the nonspecific lines of
defense in the vertebrate body.
2. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
3. Define phagocytosis, and list two types of phagocytic cells derived from white blood
cells.
4. Explain how the function of natural killer cells differs from the function of phagocytes.
5. Explain how the immune response differs from nonspecific defenses.
6. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
7. Explain how humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity differ in their defensive
activities.
8. Diagram and label the structure of an antibody, and explain how this structure allows
antibodies to perform the following functions:
a. Recognize and bind to antigens
b. Assist in destruction and elimination of antigens .
9. List some known autoimmune disorders
Osmoregulation, and ExcretionChapter 44 Campbell Controlling the Internal Environment)
1. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each structure in the mammalian
excretory system.
2 Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each part of the nephron.
3. Describe and show the relationship among the processes of filtration, secretion, and
reabsorption.
4 Describe the mechanisms involved in the hormonal regulation of the kidney.
5 Explain the correlation between the type of nitrogenous waste produced (ammonia,
urea, or uric acid) by an organism and its habitat.
.
Communication and Endocrine Systems Campbell Text Chapter 45 (Chemical Signals in Animals)
.
1. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
2. Describe the relationships among endocrine system components: hormones, endocrine glands, target cells, and target cell receptors.
3. Discuss and describe two examples of negative feedback mechanisms in animals..
4. Describe the location and role of the hypothalamus.
5. Discuss positive feedback mechanism and discuss how oxytocin provides an example of thisin inducing labor in humans.
6. Identify male and female gonads, and list and state the functions ofeach.
Instructional Objectives: Animal Nervous Systems
Nervous System:
1. Describe some major functions of the nervous system.
2. List and describe the major parts of a neuron, and explain the function of each.
3. Explain how neurons can be classified by function.
4. Define reflex and describe the pathway of a simple spinal reflex.
5. Describe the process of synaptic transmission.
6. Describe the location and function of the following brain parts/regions;
meninges, cerebellum, cerebrum, medulla, hypothalamus,
7. Discuss some characteristics of the divisions of the vertebrate nervous system.
(central, peripheral, somatic, and autonomic systems)
Animal Reproduction and Development Campbell Chapter 46 (Animal Reproduction)
Campbell Chapter 47 (Animal Development)
1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. List and describe four forms of asexual reproduction.
3. Explain how asexual reproduction may be advantageous for a population of organisms living in a stable, favorable environment.
4. Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction.
5. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human male.
6. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each component of the human female reproductive system.