PRACTICAL #1 Bone/Joint Tissue Review list
Know the following
anatomical directional terms – for example: lateral, medial, superior, inferior, dorsal, ventral, sagittal, coronal/frontal, transverse etc…..
know the 4 and 9 quadrant divisions of the abdominopelvic region
Four major tissue types – identification using slides
1. Epithelium – simple and stratified: squamous, cuboidal, columnar,
-also know: pseudostratified, transitional
2. Connective – blood, bone/osseous, cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), fat/adipose, loose, dense (regular and irregular), elastic, reticular
3. Muscle – cardiac, skeletal and smooth
4. Nervous
Bone/Osseous tissue
Osteon structure: concentric and interstitial lamellae and circumferential lamellae
-lacunae
-canaliculi
-central canal (Haversian canal)
-perforating canals (Volkmann canals)
Compact vs. Spongy bone
-osteons vs. trabeculae
Types of bones: short, long, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural
Long bone structure: know where to find the - diaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum of a long bone PLUS red marrow and yellow marrow locations
Axial skeleton
Bones: parietal, temporal, occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, nasal, maxilla, palatine, zygomatic
-foramina: foramen magnum, foramen spinosum, f. rotundum, f. lacerum, f. ovale, stylomastoid foramen, jugular foramen, infraorbital foramen, supraorbital foramen, mental foramen, carotid canal, hypoglossal canal, condylar f. (if present in the skull), pterygoid canal, incisive foramen
-occipital bone: external occipital protruberance, internal occipital protruberance, occipital condyle, condylar foramen (not in all skulls), condylar fossa (in all skulls), superior and inferior nuchal lines, basilar portion, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum, foramen lacerum, posterior cranial fossa, groove for the transverse sinus
-frontal bone: glabella, supraorbital ridge or margin, supraorbital foramen,
zygomatic process of the frontal bone, anterior cranial fossa, relevant sutures
-zygomatic bone: temporal process of the zygomatic bone, frontal process of the zygomatic bone, relevant sutures
-temporal bone: mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, petrous portion, apex of petrous portion, tympanic and squamosal portions, styloid process, mastoid process, mastoid notch, zygomatic process of the temporal bone, internal and external acoustic meatus, articular tubercle, medial cranial fossa
-parietal bone: sagittal suture
-sphenoid bone: greater and lesser wings, pterygoid processes – lateral and medial pterygoid plates, pterygoid fossa, pterygoid canal (foramen), body of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica – made up of the: hypophyseal fossa, tuberculum sellae, and dorsum sellae) cerebral surface of greater wing, temporal surface of greater wing, orbital surface of greater wing, groove for the sigmoid sinus
-ethmoid bone: cribriform plate, perpendicular plate, crista galli, medial and superior nasal conchae
-vomer
-lacrimal bone: lacrimal canal
Orbit – infraorbital and supraorbital ridges (or margins), superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, optic canal, be able to identify the following bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, zygomatic
-nasal conchae – inferior, medial and superior – NOTE: the medial and superior nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone
Maxilla -frontal process of the maxilla, palatine process of the maxilla, zygomatic process of the maxilla, infraorbital ridge or margin, infraorbital foramen, alveolar processes and maxillary arch, location of sinuses, incisive foramen
Mandible: ramus, body, coronoid process, mandibular condyle (also can be called the condyloid process, or condylar process of the mandible), mandibular notch, mandibular foramen, lingula, mental foramen, mental protruberance
Paranasal sinuses: know the locations of the following sinuses: frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid air cells
Hyoid bone - lesser and greater cornu (horns), body
Vertebral column: - 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum and coccyx
-vertebral canal, vertebral foramen
-lamina and pedicle of each vertebrae
-spinous and transverse processes (thoracic vertebrae have articular facets for ribs on their transverse processes; cervical vertebrae have a transverse foramen in their transverse processes)
-body of vertebrae
-intervertebral foramen (when two vertebrae are put together)
-transverse foramen on transverse process of the cervical vertebrae
-superior and inferior articular processes
-inferior vertebral notch
-intervertebral disc
-C1 = atlas, C2 = axis (with the dens)
-be able to tell cervical from thoracic from lumbar
Sacrum – sacral foramen, medial and lateral sacral crests, sacral canal, body of sacrum, wings of sacrum, superior articular facet
Ribs – sternal end (costal end), vertebral end
Sternum: jugular notch, clavicular notches, body, manubrium and xiphoid process
Sutures - coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous, temperozygomatic, median palatine, transverse palatine, frontonasal, internasal, nasomaxillary, frontozygomatic, zygomaticomaxillary, ethmomaxillary, ethmolacrimal, ethmofrontal, sphenotemporal (sphenosquamosal), sphenofrontal, sphenozygomatic
Appendicular skeleton – be able to tell right from left when applicable
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle – sternal and acromial end, conoid tubercle; left and right clavicle
Scapula – lateral, medial and superior borders, inferior & superior angle
-acromion, coracoid process
-suprascapular notch
-spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa and subscapular fossa
-glenoid cavity
Humerus – head, surgical neck and anatomical neck
-greater and lesser tubercles, trochlea, capitulum, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, deltoid tuberosity, intertubercular sulcus
Ulna: coronoid process, olecranon process, radial notch, styloid process, trochlear notch
Radius: head, radial tuberosity, radial styloid process, ulnar notch
Identify the carpals as a group and then the individual bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezoid, trapezium, capitate, hamate
Metacarpals – know their numbers (I to V)
Phalanges – distal, medial and proximal (singular phalange/phalanx)
Pelvic girdle
Os coxae (hip bones)
-Ilium – iliac crest, anterior superior and anterior inferior iliac spines, posterior superior and posterior inferior iliac spines, iliac fossa, arcuate line, auricular surface for sacrum
-Ischium – ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, ramus
-Pubis – ramus, symphysis, pubic tubercle
-acetabulum, obturator foramen, greater and lesser sciatic notches
Femur – head, surgical and anatomical necks
-greater and lesser trochanters and intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric crest
-medial and lateral condyles
-intercondylar fossa
-linea aspera
Tibia – medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence
-tibial tuberosity
-medial malleolus
-anterior crest of tibia
-fibular notch
Fibula – head, lateral malleolus
Tarsals: calcaneus and talus, navicular, cuboid & the three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate and lateral OR I,II and III)
Metatarsals I to V
Phalanges (see Hand) (phalange/phalanx = singular)
Joints and Cartilage – To help you these questions will be multiple choice (these will be the ONLY multiple choice questions on your practical)
Three types of cartilage
Three structural classifications of joints – fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Three movement classifications of joints – synarthroses, amphiathroses, diarthroses
Be able to identify an example of each:
Symphysis
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Plantar joints
Pivot joints
Hinge joints
Saddle joints
Condyloid joints
Ball and socket joints
Joint movements
LAB PRACTICAL #1 – TISSUES AND SKIN
Four major tissue types – identification using slides
5. Epithelium – simple and stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, transitional
NO STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL; NO STRATIFIED COLUMNAR!!!!
6. Connective – blood, bone/osseous, cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage), fat/adipose, loose areolar, dense regular and dense irregular
NO RETICULAR; NO ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE!!
7. Muscle – cardiac, skeletal and smooth
8. Nervous
Integumentary system – microscope slides and models
Epidermis
-stratum germinativum (basale), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only) and stratum corneum
Dermis
-reticular and papillary layers
-dermal papilla
-sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
-hair – follicle, root, shaft, bulb and papilla
-arrector pili muscle
-Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated)