Review for AP Bio Opportunity #2
Review for AP Bio Opportunity #2
- How is a light microscope different from an electron microscope?
- What is the difference between a SEM and a TEM?
- Describe the process used to isolate cell organelles.
- Compare/contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (3+ similarities, 3+ differences)
- How does surface-to-volume ratio limit cell size?
- Describe the structure and function of each of the following organelles:
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Peroxisomes
- What is the endomembrane system? Which organelles are involved?
- How are mitochondria and chloroplasts different from other organelles?
- What is the theory of endosymbiosis? What evidence exists to support it?
- What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
- Describe the structure, function, and location of each::
- Microtubules
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- What are centrioles? Describe their structure.
- How are flagella similar to cilia? How are they different?
- Describe how dynein functions in the movement of cilium or flagellum.
- Describe how microfilaments are used in cell motility.
- Describe the structure of a plant cell wall? How does it form?
- What materials make up the extracellular matrix of a cell?
- What is a plasmodesmata?
- Describe the difference between a tight junction, a desmosome, and a gap junction.
- What is the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane? How is it different from the “sandwich” model of the 1950’s?
- Describe the function of each within the cell membrane:
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Integral proteins
- Peripheral proteins
- Carbohydrates (glycolipids/glycoproteins)
- How does the structure of an integral protein allow it to function through a lipid bilayer with polar and nonpolar regions?
- Describe 6 functions of membrane proteins.
- What is an aquaporin?
- Define concentration gradient.
- Describe how diffusion works. Give an everyday example of diffusion.
- What is osmosis?
- How will cells (plant and animal) react in a…
- Hypertonic solution?
- Hypotonic solution?
- Isotonic solution?
- Describe how a contractile vacuole assists with osmoregulation.
- Describe how facilitated diffusion works. Is it active or passive?
- Explain how sodium-potassium pumps and electrogenic pumps work. How are these important to cells?
- What is cotransport?
- Describe the processes of exocytosis and endocytosis.
- How is the CNS different from the PNS?
- Describe the stages of processing that occur when the doctor tests your knee-jerk reflex.
- Define: sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector cell.
- Draw a neuron and label its parts (cell body, dendrites, nucleus, axon, axon hillock, synaptic terminals)
- What is a Schwann cell?
- Why is there a difference in charge between a nerve cell and its surrounding environment? How is it maintained?
- There is more _____ and ______in the cytosol and more ______and ______in the extracellular fluid.
- What is the typical resting potential of a neuron?
- Describe the difference between hyperpolarization and depolarization.
- Define: graded polarization, threshold, action potential
- Describe what happens when in a neuron when an action potential is generated.
- Describe how the conduction of an action potential is self-propagating.
- Why can’t action potentials move backwards?
- What is salutatory conduction?
- How is a signal transmitted from one neuron to another?
- What is the difference between direct synaptic transmission and indirect synaptic transmission?
- What is the purpose of a neurotransmitter?
- Describe the structure of a muscle.
- Draw a sarcomere and label its parts.
- Describe the interaction between actin and myosin when a muscle contracts.
- What happens when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal of a motor neuron? How does the signal cause the muscle to move?
- What is a motor unit?
- How is the response to a single action potential delivered to a muscle different from a series of action potentials?