Review for AP Bio Opportunity #2

  1. How is a light microscope different from an electron microscope?
  2. What is the difference between a SEM and a TEM?
  3. Describe the process used to isolate cell organelles.
  4. Compare/contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (3+ similarities, 3+ differences)
  5. How does surface-to-volume ratio limit cell size?
  6. Describe the structure and function of each of the following organelles:
  7. Nucleus
  8. Ribosomes
  9. Endoplasmic reticulum
  10. Golgi apparatus
  11. Lysosomes
  12. Vacuoles
  13. Mitochondria
  14. Chloroplasts
  15. Peroxisomes
  16. What is the endomembrane system? Which organelles are involved?
  17. How are mitochondria and chloroplasts different from other organelles?
  18. What is the theory of endosymbiosis? What evidence exists to support it?
  19. What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
  20. Describe the structure, function, and location of each::
  21. Microtubules
  22. Microfilaments
  23. Intermediate filaments
  24. What are centrioles? Describe their structure.
  25. How are flagella similar to cilia? How are they different?
  26. Describe how dynein functions in the movement of cilium or flagellum.
  27. Describe how microfilaments are used in cell motility.
  28. Describe the structure of a plant cell wall? How does it form?
  29. What materials make up the extracellular matrix of a cell?
  30. What is a plasmodesmata?
  31. Describe the difference between a tight junction, a desmosome, and a gap junction.
  32. What is the fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane? How is it different from the “sandwich” model of the 1950’s?
  33. Describe the function of each within the cell membrane:
  34. Phospholipids
  35. Cholesterol
  36. Integral proteins
  37. Peripheral proteins
  38. Carbohydrates (glycolipids/glycoproteins)
  39. How does the structure of an integral protein allow it to function through a lipid bilayer with polar and nonpolar regions?
  40. Describe 6 functions of membrane proteins.
  41. What is an aquaporin?
  42. Define concentration gradient.
  43. Describe how diffusion works. Give an everyday example of diffusion.
  44. What is osmosis?
  45. How will cells (plant and animal) react in a…
  46. Hypertonic solution?
  47. Hypotonic solution?
  48. Isotonic solution?
  49. Describe how a contractile vacuole assists with osmoregulation.
  50. Describe how facilitated diffusion works. Is it active or passive?
  51. Explain how sodium-potassium pumps and electrogenic pumps work. How are these important to cells?
  52. What is cotransport?
  53. Describe the processes of exocytosis and endocytosis.
  54. How is the CNS different from the PNS?
  55. Describe the stages of processing that occur when the doctor tests your knee-jerk reflex.
  56. Define: sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector cell.
  57. Draw a neuron and label its parts (cell body, dendrites, nucleus, axon, axon hillock, synaptic terminals)
  58. What is a Schwann cell?
  59. Why is there a difference in charge between a nerve cell and its surrounding environment? How is it maintained?
  60. There is more _____ and ______in the cytosol and more ______and ______in the extracellular fluid.
  61. What is the typical resting potential of a neuron?
  62. Describe the difference between hyperpolarization and depolarization.
  63. Define: graded polarization, threshold, action potential
  64. Describe what happens when in a neuron when an action potential is generated.
  65. Describe how the conduction of an action potential is self-propagating.
  66. Why can’t action potentials move backwards?
  67. What is salutatory conduction?
  68. How is a signal transmitted from one neuron to another?
  69. What is the difference between direct synaptic transmission and indirect synaptic transmission?
  70. What is the purpose of a neurotransmitter?
  71. Describe the structure of a muscle.
  72. Draw a sarcomere and label its parts.
  73. Describe the interaction between actin and myosin when a muscle contracts.
  74. What happens when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal of a motor neuron? How does the signal cause the muscle to move?
  75. What is a motor unit?
  76. How is the response to a single action potential delivered to a muscle different from a series of action potentials?