Unit 4: Chapters 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18

Test Study Guide

1.List the agents of mechanical weathering?

2. Snow that weathers buildings in a city is an example of what type of weathering?

3. Abrasion is caused by

4. How does the amount of a rock’s surface area affect weathering?

5. Topography with high mountains and steep slopes are especially vulnerable to what type of weathering?

6. Tropical climates generally form soils in which the B horizon is covered in a thin layer of

7. Parent rock rich in feldspar or aluminum-rich minerals creates soil with a lot of

8. Parent rock rich in quartz, such as granite, creates soil containing a lot of

9. Residual soil generally consists of which layers

10. Arctic and desert climates generally form soil that is thin and contains mostly

11. Which landform is NOT the result of weathering and erosion?

12.Which farming methods conserve soil?

13. In which of the following erosion processes is gravity NOT a major factor?

14.List examples of a peneplain?

15. List examples of mechanical weathering?

16. In what climates is the weathering rate slowest?

17. What two processes are all landforms subject to?

18. List the common agents of erosion?

19. Which climate where you would expect to find thin soil consisting primarily of regolith with little evidence of humus?

20. List examples of minor landforms?

21. The movement of a large block of soil and rock downhill in one piece when it becomes unstable is called a

22. List the factors affect the local water budget?

23. What is stream load?

24. When a river’s load and discharge increase, how is its erosive power affected?

25.What is conditions are necessary for a river system to form?

26. Braided streams is

27. When the soil in an area soaks up as much water as it can, and water begins to run off, what forms?

28. List the disadvantages of living in a floodplain?

29. What is an artificial levee?

30. What is one advantage of a dam?

31. List factors that determine lakes?

32. A watershed is

33. An artificial levee is a form of

34. When water changes state from a gas to a liquid, the process is called

35. About 90% of the water used by cities and industry is returned to rivers or to the oceans as

36. The change in elevation of a stream over a given horizontal distance is the stream’s

37. What is an early step in the formation of a lake?

38. Which of the following factors widen and deepen a river channel?

39. When a meander becomes isolated from a river it may become a(n)

40. How does a river form?

41. What is the name for the land that is drained by a river system?

42. List the factors needed to increase to widen and deepen a river channel?

43. The layer of an aquifer in which the pore space is completely filled with water is called the zone of

44. A natural flow of groundwater to Earth’s surface is called a(n)

45. A sloping layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rock and exposed at the surface is called a(n)

46. A cone-shaped deposit of calcite on the ceiling of a cave is called a

47. The amount of uniformity in the size of rock or sediment particles is called

48. List the factors that affect the depth of the water table below the ground?

49. The area where water from the surface can move through permeable rock to reach an aquifer is called a

50. The aquifer zone that lies between the water table and Earth’s surface is called the

51. Rock becomes chemically weathered when

52. How are wells, springs, and artesian formations similar?

53. A cavern is a natural cavity in rock that forms as a result of

54. List the factors that affect the flow of groundwater through an aquifer?

55. Pumping water from a well causes a(n)

56. A region that clearly shows the results of chemical weathering is called

57. Uncollapsed rock between sinkholes can form arches called

58. Which of the following forms around the edges of a hot spring after the water has cooled?

59. When new snow is added to a glacier faster than ice and snow melt, the glacier

60. What is the grainy ice that forms when snow melts and refreezes called?

61. A lake basin can form when a continental glacier leaves depressions

62. Glacial lakes can form in the uneven surface of

63. Earth’s most recent ice age began approximately how long ago?

64. Glacial lakes can form through what processes?

65. Finger lakes form where

66. Which of the following features are all produced by glacial erosion?

67. A continental glacier is

68. Which of the following is one theory that explains the cause of ice ages?

69. A bowl-shaped depression formed by a glacier is called a(n)

70. When a glacier deposits till in the form of a ridge,

71. Explain the Milankovitch theory?

72. What is the name of large rocks transported from a distant source by a glacier?

73. The snowline is

74. How does an iceberg form?

75. List the forms of wind erosion?

76. The process by which wind-blown sand moves by short jumps and bounces is called

77. The movement of dunes is called

78. A sand ridge that connects an offshore island to the mainland is called a

79. The abrasive action of waves is known as

80. A berm is high and steep during winter because

81. Erosion of less-resistant rock that projects out from the shore can form

82. Eroded material that extends from a wave-cut terrace is called a(n)

83. The composition of beach material depends on the

84. A long, narrow sand deposit that is connected at one end to shore is called a

85. A hole cut into fractured, weak rock along a cliff base is called a

86. Barrier islands can be

87. Small, closely packed rocks left behind by deflation are called

88. What type of dune forms at a right angle to the wind?

89. An area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean is known as a(n)

90. Substances in air and water react with rock during

91. A gentle slope that forms a smooth coastal plain with long, wide beaches is a feature of a(n)

92. A sea cliff that becomes worn into a nearly level platform is called a

93. Coastal lands can be protected by

94. Since the last glacial period, sea level has been

95. Most submergent coastlines have beaches that are

96. Wind deposition can form

97. Which of the following can be used to determine the direction of the prevailing winds?

98. In what direction does a longshore current move?

99. Berms are high and deep in winter because storms erode sand from the seaward side of the berm and deposit it

100. List the featrues formed by wave erosion?