Report of an ISAB (International Scientific Advisory Board) Member
Choongsik Bae, KAIST, Korea
20 September 2010
On the occasion of KCFP 2010 Meeting, 7-8 Sep. 2010
The KCFP center faculty, staff, students and industry members are to be congratulated for having achieved excellent outcome from enormous research efforts and having great meeting in 2010.
Overall Observation
- The center is very strong in research, education and social activities with two decades of history and well-organized research.
- The leadership of Professor Bengt Johansson is manifested through the organizing the research themes aiming for a clear target (THE or D60).
- THE (Towards High Efficiency) subject in Phase 6 (2010-2013) look really reasonable and promising, supported by the achievement of KCFP so far, especially amazing 57% indicated efficiency at maximum with low emission performances
Research themes and achievements
- The research projects are well organized and the achievement of each project is phenomenal.
- Emphasis of PPC aiming to high efficiency (THE) is attracting industry and global interests. This has been successful over a decade and still a role model of world-wide research groups.
- The composition of projects is well organized by focusing gasoline PPC such as THE Combustion, THE Cycle, THE Gas Exchange and so on. It contains the important concurrent items (Diesel and SI) and futuristic core theme of PPC which is a good combination for fuel efficiency improvement. Three areas and six subjects (Diesel ; Gendies, SI ; Gas engine, PPC ; Optical diagnostics, Fuel effects, Model and Control) are implementing THE concept well.
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Globalization
- The center is very active in international collaboration with renowned research group such as UW Madison and Sandia National Lab. This kind of global collaboration could be promoted by inviting more international partners.
- Collaboration with UW Madison (group of Prof. Rolf Reitz) reflects the world level research leading global efforts for advanced engine combustion modeling ; in the subject of charge preparation and combustion in diesel fuel, ethanol, and dual-fuel PCCI engines.
- Sandia National Laboratory is also a renowned partner in optical diagnostics in LTC engine ; simultaneous application of LII and OH PLIF was found to be useful in soot development coupled with OH behavior.
Industrial Collaboration
- The center has an extensive list of industry membership with mostly even financial contribution.
- Well-defined research could be developed through the proposal from industry.
- More industry could be invited from many other countries and regions.
Detailed comments on each project, based on the presentation in KCFP 2010 Meeting on 7-8th, September 2010.
In general, presentations were clear and well organized to show the progress, contribution and vision of each research project.
1. KCFP introduction
Director, Bengt Johansson
- The history and background of KCFP, mind map and path, leading to PPC and specifically THE concept was well described.
- The path to PPC with two decades’ history through Diesel HCCI and SACI has clearly shown a track of KCFP and it provides the identity of KCFP. Low emission of SI and high efficiency of CI had been fused in HCCI concept, which was pioneered by Lund, especially Professor Bengt Johansson himself. Benefit of HCCI concept was realized by SACI Gasoline HCCI and PPC Diesel HCCI by the end of Phase 5 of KCFP.
- [Rephrase of Overall observation] THE (Towards High Efficiency) theme in Phase 6 (2010-2013) look really reasonable and promising, supported by the achievement of KCFP so far, especially amazing 57% indicated efficiency at maximum.
- [Rephrase of Research themes and achievements] The composition of projects is well organized by focusing gasoline PPC such as THE Combustion, THE Cycle, THE Gas Exchange and so on. It contains the important concurrent items (Diesel and SI) and futuristic core theme of PPC which is a good combination for fuel efficiency improvement. Three areas and six subjects (Diesel ; Gendies, SI ; Gas engine, PPC ; Optical diagnostics, Fuel effects, Model and Control) are implementing THE concept well, while these are maximizing the potential of manpower and organizations in Lund, all Swedish R&D organizations and participating industry staff.
- THE concept of phase 6 is the core part of KCFP leadership, lead by Prof. Bengt Johansson, which is well recognized by global specialists and expected to provide the visionary engine technology meeting environment and energy requirement.
2. Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC in Heavy duty engine, PPC-HD
2-1. PPC Activities Last Semester
Vittorio Manente
- Partial quadratic model in LT reaction modeling and glow-plug triggered combustion in PPC with low ON gasoline have uniqueness. Gasoline PPC in LD engine is also quite impressive.
- Collaboration with UW Madison (group of Prof. Rolf Reitz) reflects the world level research leading global efforts for advanced engine combustion modeling.
- His PhD thesis ‘Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion’ is marvelous, which will be surely a textbook-like globally-referred literature.
- It would be meaningful if the research is continued by a successor, especially partial quadratic model in LT reaction modeling, glow-plug triggered combustion in PPC with low ON gasoline
2-2. PPC with Ethanol in Scania D13
Peter Andersson and Teemu Anttinen
- It describes ethanol PPC in Scania D13 at different load conditions with various pilot injection strategy.
- Future plan for more ethanol PPC and dual fuel operation is well prepared.
- It needs, though, efficiency measurements and relevant discussions
3. Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC – Optical Diagnostics
3-1. New Generation Optical Engine with 200 bar Peak Pressure Capability
Thomas Johansson
- Separate side windows will secure the optical access into newly designed cylinder, in addition to underside concave optical window.
3-2. Increased Squish Height Due to Deformation of Bowditch Piston
Ulf Aronsson
- Separate side windows will secure the optical access into newly designed cylinder of Scania D13, in addition to underside concave optical window.
- Dynamic simulation is quite impressive, which allows confidence of the design
3-3. Structured illumination for two- and three-dimensional measurements in optically dense sprays
Elias Kristensson
- SLIPI is a very considerate approach complementing the measurement errors in laser visualization.
- This proves the strength of KCFP in the basics of laser diagnostics and leadership in this field
3-4. New possibilities within the KCFP; Novel high-speed lasers and detectors for kHz imaging
Rikard Wellander
- This shows another vision of KCFP’s flagship in laser diagnostics.
- This will provide cycle resolved laser sheet imaging which could hardly be compared to the others though expensive.
4. Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC in Light Duty Engine, PPC-LD
4-1. A Comparison of Residual Enhanced HCCI Strategies at Naturally Aspirated Conditions Using VVA
Patrick Borgqvist
- The operation of fully variable VVA enabled comprehensive investigation on the residual enhanced HCCI with unique Lund design of piston top benchmarking Toyota.
- The limitation of operation (at around 4.5bar BMEP) could be improved by PPC with multiple injections
5. Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC – Combustion Control, PPC-Control
5-1. Flexible LabVIEW-based Real Time Control System of Residual Enhanced HCCI Targeting Mode Switch Control
Patrick Borgqvist
- It allows cycle-resolved control
- Implementation on the engine is expected and its impact to the industry will be huge.
5-2. Residual Enhanced HCCI Targeting Mode Switch Control
Anders Widd
- Additional sensor signals or more accumulation of validation data will improve the controllability
6. Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC – Fuel Aspects, PPC-Fuel
6-1. Initial tests with PPC in LD Engine
Hadeel Solaka
- Gasoline PPC in Volvo D5 shows lower emission characteristics than diesel operation.
- This work will serve for the prospect build-up of fuel quality for high efficiency PPC.
7. Partially Premixed Combustion modeling, PPC-model
7-1. Introduction to PPC Modeling Project
Xue-Song Bai
- Modeling approach in KCFP follows the global trend while it keeps its own capability with in-house code.
- The comparison between in-house code and Open FOAM will provide very valuable information for simulation people all over the world, which is highly expected.
7-2. Injection of Fuel at High Pressure Conditions
Rickard Solsjö
- The comparative work between commercial solvers gives a useful information for the computing society. Open FOAM is much slower than in-house code, though it can solve high Mach No. process.
- This effort will accumulate the database for the better simulation
7-3. LES of Fuel Injection & Development of Charge Stratification
Tobias Joelsson
7-4. Modeling of PPC Combustion Using Optimized Multi-Zone Approach
Mehdi Jangi
- Flame model of each combustion mode was well developed to make a multi-zone PPC model with multi-zone chemistry.
8. Gas engine project
8-1. Gas Engine Project Progress
Mehrzad Kaiadi
- Creative Hythane application is well described. Some symbols and terminologies are mixed so that these are recommended to be sorted out especially in the PhD thesis
9. Generic Diesel Engine project, GenDies
9-1. GenDies - Project Introduction
Öivind Andersson
- General diesel should be improved with various efforts. Optical diagnostics Scania D12 and Volvo D5 will provide precious information for the analysis of diesel combustion process.
9-2. Challenges for In-cylinder High-Speed Laser-Induced Incandescence Measurements of Soot
Johan Sjöholm
- LII is to be extensively used to visualize soot formation. Its methodology is well developed. It would be useful to compare the image with 2-color pyrometry.
9-3. Analysis of EGR Effects on the Soot Distribution in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine using Time-Resolved Laser Induced Incandescence
Ulf Aronsson
- Soot appearance and development during combustion related to the flowfield were characterized from LII images.
9-4 Planar Laser-Diagnostics of Soot and OH with Post-Injections in a Heavy-Duty LTC Diesel Dngine
Clément Chartier
- LII and OH PLIEF were utilized to observe the decrease of soot by OH in squish region with late post injection, in Sandia National Lab.s LTC optical engine.
- LII is to be extensively used to visualize soot formation. Its methodology is well developed. It would be useful to compare the image with 2-color pyrometry.
10. Towards Diesel Engine with 60% Fuel Efficiency, D60
10-1. D60 Project Introduction
Martin Tunér
- D60 is certainly a landmark of Lund efforts in the future engine development though it is not a KCFP dedicated project.
- The connection between D60 and all the projects in KCFP is beneficial for both sides.
- Following presentations describe well organized research activities, such as Christoph Knapp and Billy Kaldvee for D60l – Laser Diagnostics and Helgi Fridriksson for D60m – CFD Modeling.
Other Comments and Conclusion
- Reorganization of research themes is very reasonable, by focusing more promising subjects and reallocating budget and manpower whch compensates the slight decrease of budget in Phase 6.
- The laboratory facilities are well equipped and the linkage between manpower and subjects is effectively realized in very positive and dynamic atmosphere.
- CFD modeling to establish PPC model need some time to settle and could make a synergetic achievement by collaborating the modeling of D60.
- KCFP is certainly leading the research in the world on futuristic combustion concept such as PPC and D60. These unique and intrinsic themes need to be concretized by extending its operating range at maximum and completing the database.
It was a great pleasure to be in the meeting to meet the dynamic people and to observe the world-renowned research activity in KCFP.
Choongsik Bae
Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Director, Clean Combustion Research Center, KAIST Institute of Eco-Energy
KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
373-1 Kusong, Yusong-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea (Rep.)
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