Reform, Reaction, and Revolutionary Ideas

WHAP/Napp

Cues: / Notes:
  1. 1848
  1. Dividing point in 1800s European political history is the ______of 1848
  2. Events that set off the Revolution of 1848 took place in France
  3. King Louis-Philippe refused demands for electoral reform
  4. Riots began and by, the summer, the ______had been deposed
  5. Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew, Louis Napoleon, became France’s president
  6. Revolution spread from France to the rest of Europe (Metternich was fond of commenting that every time France sneezed, all of Europe caught _____)
  7. Only nations that remained immune during 1848 and 1849 were Britain, which liberal enough and Russia which punished liberals and radicals so harshly that revolution was too ______to consider
  8. In Prussia, Austria, most of the German states, and a good number of Italian states revolution broke out, lasting sometime for months
I.In areas ruled by Austria, such as Czech Bohemia, Croatia, and Hungary, ______sentiment combined with political activism furthered revolts
J. In the end, except in France, all of the revolutions were ______
K. But led to some constitutional reform in some countries and demonstrated the increasing importance of ______in European politics
II. Underlying Causes of Revolutions
  1. Impatience with reactionary rule started by Congress of ______and Prince Metternich’s efforts to restore the old regimes after French Revolution
  2. Social and economic effects of the ______Revolution
  3. Growing sense of nationalism
  4. Economic downturns and bad harvests in 1840s (known as “Hungry Forties” – The Irish ______Famine was the best-known and most deadly)
  5. Political power began to spread outward to larger numbers of governmental advisers, agencies, ministries, and institutions
III. Britain
  1. During the reign of Queen Victoria, two major ______in Parliament – Conservatives, led by Benjamin Disraeli, and the Liberals, led by William Gladstone – became more willing to extend vote to middle and _____ classes
  2. Accomplished by means of the Second (1867) and Third (1885) Reform Acts
  3. But during the early 1900s, a new political party, Labour, displaced the older, more middle-class Liberals as the primary Conservative party
  4. Problemquestion of Irish home ruleshould it be _____ and what about Protestants in Northern Irelandshould North remain in British hands
IV. France
  1. Progress toward democracy was less consistent than Britain’s

Summaries:
Cues: /
  1. After 1848 Revolution, France briefly had a ______in which all adult males could votes but in 1851, Napoleon III made himself emperor
  2. Not as dictatorial as his more famous uncle, and during his twenty-year reign, he helped to industrialize and modernize France
  3. In 1870 and 1871, after losing the bitter Franco-______War against the neighboring Germans, Napoleon III was deposed
  4. From 1871, France was a democratic republic, with universal ____ suffrage
  5. Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906) – in which a Jewish officer was wrongly accused of selling military secrets to Germany – exposed not only an ugly streak of anti-Semitism within French society, but also deep ______in France
V. Unification of Italy and Germany
A. Most dramatic developments of late nineteenth-century politics were the unification of Italy and the unification of Germany
B. Italian unificationstatesman Camillo Cavour and general Giuseppe Garibaldi
C. Country was partially united in 1861, then fully ______in 1870
D. Under Victor Emmanuel II, Italy became a constitutional ______
E. Germany’s unification was spearheaded by Prussia, which defeated Austria in 1864 in a war for leadership of German states
F. Mastermind of unification was the Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck
G. Germany joined together in 1871, following victory over ______
H. Prussia’s king became Kaiser (emperor) Wilhelm I, of German Reich (empire)
VI. Austria-Hungary
  1. Multinational empire had to make certain concessions to the dozens of ethnic minorities – Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, Croats, Serbs, Italians, etc.
  2. Pressures of ______were particularly strong
  3. In 1867, the largest and most powerful minority, the Hungarians, forced the Austrian government to grant them equal status within the empire
  4. Augsleich (“compromise”) turned it into Austro-Hungarian ______
VII. Germany and Bismarck
  1. To prevent radicalism and revolution, Bismarck allowed all adult males to vote in elections to the German ______, or Reichstag
  2. Passed laws that granted workers many economic benefits: unemployment insurance, disability insurance, pensions, a shorter workday, and so on
VIII. Russia
  1. Most autocraticno constitution, and until 1905, no elected body with which the ______shared power
  2. After defeat in Crimean War (1853-1856), Tsar Alexander II, a moderate liberal, attempted to ______Russia with a series of Great Reforms
  3. Most important was the emancipation of serfs in 1861 but tsar ______
IX. Women’s Suffrage
  1. Mary WollstonecraftA Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)-equality
  2. Olympe de GougesDeclaration of the Rights of ______and the Female Citizenduring French Revolution
  3. “Cult of true womanhood”______Age
  4. Emmeline PankhurstSuffrageBritain…1848 Seneca Falls, USA

Summaries:

A few facts about Romanticism and Art:

  • Principal cultural movement of the late 1700s and early 1800s was Romanticism
  • A backlash against the logic- and reason-oriented outlook of the Enlightenment
  • Placed a premium on emotion and passion, the self-realization of the individual, heroism, and a love of the natural world
  • Realism rejected Romanticism’s idealized, dramatic outlook in favor of a more sober, critical view of life
  • Symbolism, Impressionism, Post-Impressions, Expressionism, Cubism, Abstraction

  1. Great Britain’s First Reform Act did which of the following?
(A)It gave all adult males the vote.
(B)It improved districting and the operation of the voting system.
(C)It granted women the right to vote.
(D)It abolished the House of Lords.
(E)It provided for voting by secret ballot.
  1. The Dreyfus Affair
(A)Was a scandal that rocked the British financial world
(B)Was a diplomatic crisis that nearly spoiled Germany’s relationship with Austria
(C)Was a miscarriage of justice that split French society and demonstrated a spirit of anti-Semitism there
(D)Was a court case in Russia involving a serial murderer
(E)Was a love triangle that embarrassed the Hungarian aristocracy
  1. According to the terms of the 1867 Augsleich, the Austrians agreed to rule their empire jointly with
(A)The Hungarians
(B)The Croats
(C)The Czechs
(D)The Serbs
(E)The Slovenes /
  1. The hallmark of Alexander II’s reign in Russia was
(A)His victory in the Crimean War
(B)His suppression of peasant revolts in Siberia
(C)His creation of Russia’s first constitution
(D)His establishment of Russia’s first university
(E)His emancipation of Russia’s serfs
  1. Which of the following best describes the struggle of nineteenth-century feminists in Europe and the U.S.A.?
(A)Feminists were concerned only with gaining the right to vote.
(B)Feminists struggled for the vote, but also for social reform in areas such as education and temperance
(C)Feminists chose to focus mainly on social reform, ignoring the struggle for the vote.
(D)Feminists gained the vote in several major nations just before World War I.
(E)Feminists failed to gain the vote anywhere until after WWI
  1. Charles Darwin’s accomplishments can best be summed up as follows?
(A)He was the first to propose the theory of evolution.
(B)He was the first to satisfactorily explain the concept of evolution, by means of the theory of natural selection.

Excerpt from

The seed for the first Woman's Rights Convention was planted in 1840, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Lucretia Mott at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, the conference that refused to seat Mott and other women delegates from America because of their sex. Stanton, the young bride of an antislavery agent, and Mott, a Quaker preacher and veteran of reform, talked then of calling a convention to address the condition of women. Eight years later, it came about as a spontaneous event.

In July 1848, Mott was visiting her sister, Martha C. Wright, in Waterloo, New York. Stanton, now the restless mother of three small sons, was living in nearby Seneca Falls. A social visit brought together Mott, Stanton, Wright, Mary Ann McClintock, and Jane Hunt. All except Stanton were Quakers, a sect that afforded women some measure of equality, and all five were well acquainted with antislavery and temperance meetings. Fresh in their minds was the April passage of the long-deliberated New York Married Woman's Property Rights Act, a significant but far from comprehensive piece of legislation. The time had come, Stanton argued, for women's wrongs to be laid before the public, and women themselves must shoulder the responsibility. Before the afternoon was out, the women decided on a call for a convention "to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman."

To Stanton fell the task of drawing up the Declaration of Sentiments that would define themeeting. Taking the Declaration of Independence as her guide, Stanton submitted that "all men and women had been created equal" and went on to list eighteen "injuries and usurpations" -the same number of charges leveled against the King of England-"on the part of man toward woman." Stanton also drafted eleven resolutions, making the argument that women had a natural right to equality in all spheres. The ninth resolution held forth the radical assertion that it was the duty of women to secure for themselves the right to vote. Elizabeth Cady Stanton afterwards recalled that a shocked Lucretia Mott exclaimed, "Why, Lizzie, thee will make us ridiculous." Stanton stood firm. "But I persisted, for I saw clearly that the power to make the laws was the right through which all other rights could be secured."

The convention, to take place in five days' time, on July 19 and 20 at the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Seneca Falls, was publicized only by a small, unsigned notice placed in the Seneca County Courier. "The convention will not be so large as it otherwise might be, owing to the busy time with the farmers," Mott told Stanton, "but it will be a beginning." A crowd of about three hundred people, including forty men, came from five miles round. No woman felt capable of presiding; the task was undertaken by Lucretia's husband, James Mott. All of the resolutions were passed unanimously except for woman suffrage, a strange idea and scarcely a concept designed to appeal to the predominantly Quaker audience, whose male contingent commonly declined to vote. The eloquent Frederick Douglass, a former slave and now editor of the Rochester North Star, however, swayed the gathering into agreeing to the resolution. At the closing session, Lucretia Mott won approval of a final resolve "for the overthrowing of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the securing to woman equal participation with men in the various trades, professions and commerce." One hundred women and men signed the Seneca Falls Declaration-although subsequent criticism caused some of them to remove their names.

Thesis Statement: Change Over Time:Women’s Rights (8,000 BCE. – 1900s C.E.)

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