Reflections: from a Revolution to a Conqueror’s Land

Global History and Geography II Name: ______

E. Napp Date: ______

A “Do You Know Your History” Matching Activity

Mass Starvation /
  1. It viewed European interference in the Americas as a threat to the national interest of the U.S.A.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels /
  1. A developing country may rely on a single cash crop like sugar or cotton due to it.

Giuseppe Garibaldi /
  1. The struggles for political independence of Latin America were inspired by these events.

Command Economy /
  1. Adam Smith agreed with this principle that the government should not intervene in business.

The French Revolution /
  1. This 19th century ideology led to the unification of Italy and Germany and the breakup of Austria-Hungary.

The American and French Revolution /
  1. It was the main reason for the extensive emigration of the Irish to North America in the 1840s.

Mercantilism /
  1. Europe was able to dominate military and commercial relations in Asia during this Age.

Industrial Revolution /
  1. Most economic decisions are made by the government. The government controls the economy.

The Monroe Doctrine /
  1. Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu were philosophers of this Age of Reason.

The Colonization of a Region /
  1. Nationalistic feelings were stimulated or encouraged due to this event in world history.

Laissez-faire /
  1. The availability of labor, the abundance of coal and iron, and waterpower led to it.

The Enlightenment /
  1. He was a nationalist. He was an Italian. He was willing to endure hardship to achieve unification.

Nationalism /
  1. Controlling trade increases power as colonies provide raw materials to the mother country in the 1500s.

Imperialism /
  1. They wanted to overthrow the capitalist system. They wanted the workers to have a revolution.

Inequalities in the Tax Structure /
  1. Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into three estates based mainly on this.

Karl Marx /
  1. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were major influences on uprisings in this region.

Unification of Germany /
  1. A result of it was that England further limited its monarchy.

Lacked Political Unity /
  1. It was a major cause of the French Revolution.

Toussaint L’Ouverture /
  1. It led to the Industrial Revolution because during it, new forms of business were developed.

Copernicus’ Heliocentric Model /
  1. It is a great example of the success of nationalism in Europe.

Congress of Vienna /
  1. The ideas of class struggle and revolutionary change were contained in his writings.

Otto von Bismarck /
  1. It was one reason why Italy and Germany were not major colonial powers in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Napoleon /
  1. In his model, the earth revolved around the sun. The sun did not move.

Commercial Revolution /
  1. This Enlightenment philosopher believed in the separation of powers to limit the power of rulers.

Latin America /
  1. They met to restore the old ways to Europe. They met to create a “balance of power”.

The Enlightenment /
  1. He was the great liberator of Haiti. He led a slave rebellion and helped free Haiti from French rule.

Social Class /
  1. He was a German nationalist. He believed that “blood and iron” would solve the questions of the day.

Montesquieu /
  1. He created a law code and spread the ideals of the French Revolution but he was defeated in Russia in winter.

The Glorious Revolution /
  1. It was called the Age of Reason because philosophers used reason to solve society’s problems.

Documents:

______

“. . . The first phase of the industrial revolution made traditional society obsolete [no longeruseful] because it was incompatible with the basic requirements of an industrial economy.

Among these requirements was the commercialization of agriculture. Land had to be treated asa commodity that could be bought and sold in order to produce enough food to feed a growingurban population and to make some rural labor redundant [excessive] so that people would moveto the cities to work in the new factories. Traditional societies varied widely across the globe buteverywhere they were based on the land and nowhere was land simply a commodity. It was,instead, the basis of a complicated network of obligations and privileges, a social structurebinding owner to field worker, lord to peasant. It was these traditional institutions, these socialworlds, that the industrial revolution threatened and that it ultimately swept away. . . .”

Source: Michael Mandelbaum, The Ideas that Conquered the World, Public Affairs

According to Michael Mandelbaum, what is one change that resulted from the Industrial Revolution?

______

“. . . I have frequently visited many of the Cotton Factories in this neighbourhood, with friendswho came from a distance; on coming out, it has always been a general reflection, that thechildren were very great sufferers, and seemed sickly and unhealthy; being obliged to work suchlong hours under such unfavourable circumstances. As I dedicate an hour or two every morningto giving advice to the poor, I have a great many opportunities of witnessing the bad effects ofsuch confinement on the health of children; frequently the parents say their children were stoutand healthy, until they were sent out, and confined so close and long in the Factory; but now theyhad become delicate and sickly. . . .”

Source: Robert Agnew, M.D., “Observations on the State of the Children in Cotton Mills, 1818

According to Dr. Agnew, what is one impact the Industrial Revolution had on children? ______

The Who and the What: Questions for Reflection

1: Who was Karl Marx and what did he believe? ______

2: Who was Adam Smith and what did he believe? ______

3: Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture and what did he do? ______

4: Who was James Monroe and what was his Monroe Doctrine? ______

5: Who was Simon Bolivar and what did he do? ______

6: Who was Copernicus and what did he believe? ______

7: Who was John Locke and what did he believe? ______

8: Who was Maximilien Robespierre and what did he do? ______

9: Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi and what did his “Red Shirts” do? ______

10: Who was Otto von Bismarck and what did he say? ______

11: Who was Napoleon and what did he do? ______

12: Who was Prince Metternich and what did he do? ______

13: Who were the Third Estate and why were they angry? ______

14: Who were the Creoles and why did they want independence? ______

15: Who were the Imperialists and what did they want? ______

More Documents:

Revolt on the Island of Saint-Domingue

(Present-day Haiti), 1791

“. . . The seeds of independence were first sown among free black soldiers sent by the white

French governors to fight against the British in the American War of Independence, where theywere exposed to anti-colonial ideas. Later, the French Revolution’s notions of liberty, equality,and brotherhood inspired an independence movement among the minority white settlers and ahighly fragmented socioeconomic mix of free blacks. When the white population defied an orderfrom France to enfranchise [give rights to] free blacks, it triggered a violent revolt that involvedchanging alliances among free blacks and the large slave population. After promulgating[announcing] a constitution in 1801 and overcoming a military force sent by Napoleon (FirstConsul, 1799–1804; Emperor, 1804–1814/1815), Haiti successfully declared its independence.Its success, along with that of the American War of Independence, inspired a number of anticolonialstruggles throughout Latin America. . . .”

Source: New York Public Library, Russia Engages the World, online exhibition (adapted)

Based on this document, identify one situation that led to Haiti’s declaration of independence from France. ______

Identify one impact the Haitian revolt had on global history as stated in this document. ______

Toussaint L’Ouverture used this letter to rally the blacks in San Domingo (Haiti).

August 29, 1793

Brothers and friends.

I am Toussaint L’Ouverture, my name is perhaps known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. Iwant Liberty and Equality to reign in San Domingo. I work to bring them into existence. Uniteyourselves to us, brothers, and fight with us for the same cause, etc. . . .

Source: C. L. R. James, Lettres de Toussaint L’Ouverture, The Black Jacobins, The Dial Press (adapted)

According to this letter, what did Toussaint L’Ouverture want to achieve in San Domingo? ______

C. L. R. James has stated that the success of the Haitian Revolution was almost entirely the result of theleadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture.

“. . . The work of Toussaint, Dessalines, Christophe, and Pétion endures in Hayti [Haiti], butwhat they did went far, far beyond the boundaries of the island. The Haytian revolution has hada profound influence on the history of the nineteenth century. . . .

So far the negative aspect. There were others more positive. Hayti gave the impulse to and

subsidised [supported] the first national revolutions in Spanish America. When the Spanish

American colonies saw that such a small and weak community could win and keep its freedom,they took courage to fight for their own emancipation from European imperialism. In dark days,Bolivar the Liberator, ill and in distress, was welcomed by Pétion, nursed to health and givencourage to lead the struggling nationalities against Spain. He failed and returned to Hayti. Hewas once again befriended. Pétion supplied him with arms, munitions, men, money, and printingmaterial, and thus fortified he left Hayti to begin the campaign which ended in the emancipationof the Five States. Pétion asked nothing in return but the freedom of the slaves. . . .”

Source: C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins, The Dial Press

What were two ways that the work of Toussaint L’Ouverture and his successors influenced global historyaccording to C. L. R. James? ______

Explain the meaning of the political cartoon. ______

Define imperialism. ______