Referencing Guides for Geography

Referencing Guides for Geography

When creating maps and writing academic reports, case studies, and scholarly papers, you must always give credit to the authors of the work you are using to support your arguments by referencing the source(s). Embedded citations…

Help readers identify and locate the source in your bibliography or works cited page.
Provide evidence that the position is well researched.
Give credit to the author(s) of an original concept, idea or theory presented.

In Geography, the American Psychological Society (APA) format is most commonly used, however you can also usethe Modern Languages Association (MLA) format.Choose one and be consistent throughout your assignment.

* You must always include in-text citations (Smith, 2003) and a properly formatted Works Cited page with the full citation at the end of your report or essay.

The Markville Resource Centre has detailed guides for APA and MLA as well.

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APA Referencing Guide

EMBEDDED CITATIONS

WHAT ARE THEY AND WHEN DO I USE THEM?

Embedded or in-text citations are parentheses inserted into your report or essay that identify the author, year and page numberof the source. Eg. (Smith, 2010, p.23).

You use them ANYTIME you use information OR ideas that are not your own. You MUST give credit to the author(s).

Use them anytime you use a direct quotation (see chart for example).

Use them if the information is not common knowledge. For example, when using a fact or statistic.

If your information in several sentences in length or if a paragraph has been paraphrased using one source, include a citation at the endof the sentences or paragraph. You do NOT need to put an embedded citation after every single sentence if you are using one source for several sentences or a paragraph. However, you must put the information in quotation marks if you are quoting directly.

ThePERIOD goes AFTER the embedded citation. Eg. (Smith, 2012, p.25).

IF YOU… / EXAMPLE
1. Quote directly from any source, use quotation marks. / According to Smith (2010), “Ontario and Quebec are part of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone” (Smith, p. 172).
(author, page number).
2. Paraphrase information or ideas / Smith (2009) claims that Global warming will ultimately change the length of growing seasons (Smith, p. 304).
If author’s name is not identified in the sentence then include the year.
(Smith, 2009, p. 304).
4. Use information from a website with an author
No page numbers. Use “para” to identify the paragraph on the page. / Ontario and Quebec are the most populated Canadian provinces (Statistics Canada, 2011, para. 4).
(author, date, paragraph).
5. Use information from a website with no author identified
(make sure it is reputable and do not include the URL!) / In the 1980s, Canada experienced an economic recession (Canada Now and Then, 2006).
(Title of the article or web page, date posted).

Sample Paragraph Using Embedded Citations with APA

Polar bears in Canada’s Arctic region are becoming increasingly threatened by global warming. According to Miller (2006), Global warming is the gradual increase in the atmosphere’s temperature over a prolonged period of time (Moraine, 2010, p.33). A study published at the University of Toronto (2011) reveals that there will be “less than 300 polar bears left in the Arctic by the year 2020” (Brody,para. 2). Clearly, action must be taken to address this issue.

WORKS CITED or BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTE: You can use an online citation tool that will automatically create your works cited or bibliography page for you, or use the “referencing” tool in Microsoft Word.

A Works Cited or Reference List is a page that lists the detailed information of the sources you have cited in your essay or report

A Bibliography is a list of ALL the sources you consulted in your research, even if you didn’t cite them in your assignment.

The sources you referenced in your paper MUST appear on the Works Cited page.

Check with you teacher to see how many sources you need for the assignment.

List your sources in ALPHABETICAL ORDER(no numbering) starting with the LAST name of the author(s). If there is no author, start with the article or website title.

See the UBC APA Style Site for a guide on how to create your works cited or bibliography.

MLA Referencing Guide

EMBEDDED CITATIONS

WHAT ARE THEY AND WHEN DO I USE THEM?

Embedded or in-text citations are parentheses inserted into your report or essay that identify the author and page number of the source. Eg. (Smith, 23).

You use them ANYTIME you use information OR ideas that are not your own. You MUST give credit to the author(s).

Use them anytime you use a direct quotation (see chart for example).

Use them if the information is not common knowledge. For example, when using a fact or statistic.

ThePERIOD goes AFTER the embedded citation. Eg. (Smith, 25).

IF YOU… / EXAMPLE
1, Quote directly from any source, use quotation marks. / “Ontario and Quebec are part of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone” (Smith, 172).
(author, page number).
2. Paraphrase information or ideas / Global warming will ultimately change the length of growing seasons (Smith, 304).
3. Use a source with two or more authors / In 2006, forest fires in Western Canada devastated the area (Smith and Berry, 92).
(author and author, page number).
4. Use information from a website with an author / Ontario and Quebec are the most populated Canadian provinces (Miller, 2011).
(author, date posted).
5. Use information from a website with no author identified
(make sure it is reputable and do not include the URL!) / In the 1980s, Canada experienced an economic recession (Canada Now and Then, 2006).
(Title of the article or web page, date posted).

Sample Paragraph Using Embedded Citations with MLA

Polar bears in Canada’s Arctic region are becoming increasingly threatened by global warming. Global warming refers to the gradual increase in the atmosphere’s temperature over a prolonged period of time (Moraine, 33). According to a study published at the University of Toronto, there will be “less than 300 polar bears left in the Arctic by the year 2020” (Canada Now, 2). Clearly, action must be taken to address this issue.

WORKS CITED or BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOTE: You can use an online citation tool that will automatically create your works cited or bibliography page for you, or use the “referencing” tool in Microsoft Word.

A Works Cited is a page that lists the detailed information of the sources you have cited in your essay or report

A Bibliography is a list of ALL the sources you consulted in your research, even if you didn’t cite them in your assignment.

The sources you referenced in your paper MUST appear on the Works Cited page.

Check with you teacher to see how many sources you need for the assignment.

List your sources in ALPHABETICAL ORDER(no numbering) starting with the LAST name of the author(s). If there is no author, start with the article or website title.

The following chart shows you how to record your sources depending on the type of source used.

BOOKS

Source / Example
One author / Smith, M. Exploring Canada’s Ecozones. Kingston: Stuart Press, 2004.
Author, initial. Title: publishing location: publisher, year.
Two or more authors / Smith, M and K. Berry. Forest Fires. Aurora: Penguin Press, 1999.
No author, one editor / Brown, L. ed. Exploring Canada.Aurora: Stuart Press, 2000.

PERIODICALS/NEWSPAPERS

Source / Example
Article in a journal / Vaillant, S. “Global Warming and Canada’s Future.” Journal of
Environmental Science. Vol 23 (2004): 44-48.
Author, initial. “Article title.” Journal Name. Vol # (year): page numbers.
Article in a newspaper / Caine, K. “Small World, Big People.” TheEra Banner, 27 November 2006,
Ontario ed.: A12-13.
Article in a magazine / McNeil, Y. “Anything Goes.” Maclean’s.October 2006:66-67.

ONLINE SOURCES

Source / Example
Website with an author / Caffrey, L. “FAQs and Arguments.” Grammar Help Home Page.
9 December, 2006. < (3 December 2006).
Author, initial. “Article title.” Website title. Date created. <URL> (date accessed).
Website with no author / “Canada Now and Then.” Canada’s History Home Page. 7 May, 2012.
< (4 June 2006).
“Article title.” Website title. Date created. <URL> (date accessed).

Works Cited or Bibliography Example

Brown, K. “Small World, Big People.” The Era Banner, 27 November 2006, Ontario ed.: A12-13.

Caffrey, L. “FAQs and Arguments.” Grammar Help Home Page. 9 December, 2006.

(3 December 2006).

“Canada Now and Then.” Canada’s History Home Page. 7 May, 1999.< (4 June 2006).

McNeil, Y. “Anything Goes.” Maclean’s. October 2006:66-67.

Moraine, L. ed. Exploring Canada. Aurora: Stuart Press, 2000.

Smith, M. Exploring Canada’s Ecozones. Kingston: Stuart Press, 2004.

Things to Remember:

You must include an embedded citation when you reference the ideas, theories, statistics and/or arguments of another source – even if you paraphrase!
Only use credible sources. You should be able to find anauthor, publishing date and page numbers. If using a website, it should have an author or creator.
Only use quotations if you are citing directly from another text.
Never end a quote with aperiod, always end the citation with aperiod.
e.g. Suzuki stated, “polar bears are on the brink of extinction” (Suzuki, 2010).
Never begin a sentence with a quotation. Always introduce the quotation so there is context. E.g. According to Miller, “flooding resulting from climate change will put more than 200 cities under water by 2050” (Miller, 34).
When in doubt, cite any work that you think may not be from your own knowledge.
If you use the same source for an entire paragraph, you can include an embedded citation near the end of the paragraph, as opposed to after every line.
Your introductory and concluding sentences should be your own and not require an embedded citation.
If you use more than 3 lines of direct text, you need to indent the text, make the font smaller and single space. For example:

The migration of population from rural to urban areas
began first in Britain during the mid-18th century. It was a
gradual, but direct, result of industrialization and mechanization
in agriculture. Farmers migrated from rural areas to find work in
factories (Clark and Wallace, 129).