Supplementary information.

Table 1.

References of the 19 included studies.

Bush G, Frazier JA, Rauch SL, Seidman LJ, Whalen PJ, Jenike MA et al. (1999). Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the Counting Stroop. Biological Psychiatry, 45(12), 1542-1552.
Carlson, C.L., Lahey, B.B., & Neeper, R. (1986). Direct assessment of the cognitive correlates of attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 8(1), 69–86.
Carter, C.S., Krener, P., Chaderjian, M., Northcutt, C., & Wolfe, V. (1995). Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research, 56(1), 59-70.
Gaultney, J. F., Kipp, K., Weinstein, J., & McNeill, J. (1999). Inhibition and mental effort in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 11(2), 105-114.
Goldberg, M.C., Mostofsky, S.H., Cutting, L.E., Mahone, E.M., Astor, B.C., Denckla, M.B., et al. (2005). Subtle executive impairment in children with autism and children with ADHD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 279-293.
Golden, Z.L., & Golden, C.J. (2002). Patterns of performance on the Stroop Color and Word test in children with learning, attentional, and psychiatric disabilities. Psychology in the Schools, 39(5), 489-495.
Houghton, S., Douglas, G., West, J., Whiting, K., Wall, M., Langsford, S. et al. (1999). Differential patterns of executive function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder according to gender and subtype. Journal of Child Neurology, 14(12), 801-805.
Johnson, D.E., Epstein, J.N., Waid, L.R., Latham, P.K., Voronin, K.E., & Anton, R.F. (2001). Neuropsychological performance deficits in adults with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 16(6), 587-604.
Lufi, D., Cohen, A., & Parish-Plass, J. (1990). Identifying attention deficit disorder with the WISC-R and the Stroop Color and Word Test. Psychology in the Schools, 27, 28-34.
Nigg J.T., Blaskey L.G., Huang-Pollock C.L., & Rappley M.D. (2002). Neuropsychological executive functions and DSM-IV ADHD subtypes. Journal of the AmericanAcademy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(1), 59-66
Nigg, J. T., Butler, K. M., Huang-Pollock, C. L., & Henderson, J. M. (2002). Inhibitory process in adults with persistent childhood onset ADHD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 153-157.
Rapport, L.J., Van Voorhis, A., Tzelepis, A., & Friedman, S.R.. (2001). Executive functioning in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(4), 479-91.
Riordan, H.J., Flashman, L.A., Saykin, A.J., Frutiger, S.A., Carroll, K.E., & Huey, L.Y. (1999). Neuropsychological correlates of methylphenidate treatment in adult ADD with and without depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14(2), 217-233.
Rucklidge, J.J. & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: effects of reading difficulties and gender.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 988-1003.
Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., Geurts, H., Morein-Zamir, S., Meiran, N., Schut, H., et al. (2004). Executive functioning in boys with ADHD: primarily an inhibition deficit? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 569-594.
Seidman, L.J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Weber, W., & Ouellette, C. (1997). Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: performance of children and adolescents from a large clinically referred sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 150-160.
Seidman L.J., Biederman J., Weber W., Hatch M., & Faraone S.V. (1998). Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 44(4), 260-268.
Silverstein, S.M., Como, P.G., Palumbo, D.R., West, L.L., & Osborn, L.M. (1995). Multiple sources of attentional dysfunction in adults with Tourette's syndrome: Comparison with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 9(2), 157-164.
Walker, A.Y., Shores, A.E., Trollor, J.N., Lee, T., & Sachdev, P.S. (2000). Neuropsychological functioning of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurosychology, 22(1), 115-124.

Table 2.

The unweighted and weighted mean effect sizes and the unweighted median of the effect size for studies comparing ADHD patients with healthy control participants.

Unweigthed mean (SD) effect size / Weighted mean effect size / Unweighted median
18 studies / 0.28 (0.91) / 0.24 / 0.19
12 studies that provided number of items per 45 s / -0.16 (0.54) / -0.007 / -0.04
6 Time per item studies / 1.14 (0.89) / 1.11 / 0.88
14 studies (without outliers) / 0.17 (0.51) / 0.17 / 0.19
10 number of items studies (without outliers) / -0.006 (0.45) / 0.06 / 0.15
4 time per item studies (without outliers) / 0.60 (0.39) / 0.55 / 0.72

Figure 1. Stem and leaf plot for effect sizes of studies that provided number of items per 45 s (A) and time per item studies (B), comparing ADHD patients with healthy control participants.

Figure 2. Stem and leaf plot for effect sizes of studies that included children (A) and studies that included adults (B), comparing ADHD patients with healthy control participants.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.