Renaissance and Reformation:

1. Renaissance

-Rebirth of art, philosophy, and education

-transition from scholasticism to secularism

-rediscovery of the ancient world (looking beyond the church)

-Renaissance Man

(a) The Italian States

-Formation of City States

Ex. Milan, Venice, Florence

-Medici Family

-Milan (Visconti and Sforza Families)

-Florence (Medici Family and Birthplace of the Renaissance)

-Lorenzo Medici

-Pope Alexander VI and Savonarola

-Bonfire of the Vanities (Symbolism)

-European Envy of Italian City States (French and Spanish influence in Rome)

2. Ideas of Art and the Renaissance

(a) Transition to Humanism

Humanism: Studied philosophy, history, literature (humanities). The curriculum was created to be liberating and in direct opposition to scholasticism.

-Petrarch (Influenced by Cicero)

-Letters to Laura, resurgence of Latin

-Machiavelli (The Prince)

-Dante (Wrote in Vernacular, Divine Comedy)

-Chaucer (Wrote in Vernacular, Canterbury Tales)

-pokes and prods at the Catholic Church

Renaissance Art: The emphasis on real life. The human being became the focus of art. The Church was the biggest patron of the arts of the period, thus we see many religious paintings and sculptures. It is interesting that we see very human depictions of biblical features, which were often personified in previous art. There was a strong emphasis on the human anatomy.

Ex. Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael, etc. (The Sculptures of David)

-Northern Artistic Renaissance:

-confined space in Gothic Cathedrals (woodcarvings, illustrations, etc.)

-Flanders

-ex. Jan Van Eyck (Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride) and Albrecht Durer (Four Horsemen)

3. Protestant Reformation (Protest the ideals of the Papacy)

(a) Christian Humanism: started during Northern Renaissance and the goal was to reform the Church

-Erasmus (In Praise of Folly)

-Handbook of the Christian Soldier (Plea to take away emphasis of sacraments and relics)

-Popes as Politicians (Pope Julius II “The Warrior Pope”)

(a)Martin Luther (Augustinian Priest teaching in Wittenberg, Germany)

-Archbishop Albert of Mainz (letter containing 95 theses)

-issue of indulgences (not against, but rather the manner in which they are sold)

-Saxony (region in Germany where the religious fervor hit a fever pitch due to 95 theses)

-Life in Exile (Wartburg Castle)

-Frederick of Saxony

-Philip Malanchon (Augsburg Confession)

-Peace of Augsburg (Charles V)

4. The Spread of Protestantism

(a) Ulrich Zwingli

-Zurich, Switzerland

-Beliefs (Anti-Clerical and Anti-Institution of the Church)

-Eucharist as a symbol (Church was upset and sued the Swiss Catholic Sect)

-Catholic Church declared war on Swiss Catholics and slaughtered them and Zwingli

(b) John Calvin

Institutes of the Christian Religion: Calvin’s book which described his view of the modern Catholic Church. He valued scripture and the absolute power of God, but he put no value in the sacraments, monasticism, celibacy, and the hierarchy of the Church. (Pope)

-Predestination (Issue of Grace)

-Geneva, Switzerland

-Theocracy (integration of church and state)

-John Knox (Calvinism in Scotland)

-Presbyterian

(c) Reformation in England

-Henry VIII (“Defender of the Faith”, known as a staunch Catholic until his demand for divorce)

-Six Articles (Henry defends the Catholic Church)

-The issue of Divorce from Catherine of Aragon

-Act of Supremacy

-Sir Thomas More and his beheading (A Man For All Seasons is based off these events)

-Church of England

-Mary Tudor (Daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon)

-Wanted to restore Catholicism in England

-“Bloody Mary” (Mass Executions)

-Elizabeth I (Daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn)

-established Anglican Church

-brought back Act of Supremacy

-Anglican Church (Episcopalians in United States)

-in the wake of these changes a branch of Calvinists known as the Puritans will flee to the New World for religious tolerance. Anabaptists who believed that infant Baptism is null will declare to be re-baptized. William Penn will found a sect in the New World, territory becomes Pennsylvania. Penn believed in the separation of Church and State.

(d) Catholic Reformation

-Ignatius of Loyola

-Council of Trent (Six major points declared)