Read Chapters 13, 14, and 15 and Identify the Following

WHAP Unit 4 Chapters 13, 14, 15 Reading GuideName:KEY
Date:
92 X 2=184Hour:
39 X 5=195
total: 379

Read Chapters 13, 14, and 15 and Identify the following:

Chapter 13
1.Dona Marina:
Native American slave from an elite background who in 1519 became Cortes’s indispensable interpreter and strategist. She accompanied him during his conquest of the Aztec Empire and bore him a son. After the conquest she was married off to another conquistador. Died c.1530
2. Hernan Cortes:
Spanish conquistador (1485-1547) who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec in modern Mexico
3. The Great Dying:
Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European epidemic diseases on the Americas
4. The Columbian Exchange:
The massive trans-Atlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization
5. Mercantilism:
Economic view that European gov’ts served their countries’ economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion which were believed to be the source of national prosperity. Colonies served as closed markets for the mother country.
6. Encomienda:
Legal system in which the Spanish crown granted to particular Spanish settlers a number of local native people from whom they could require labor, gold, or agricultural produce and to whom they owed “protection” and instruction in the Christian faith.
7. Repartimiento:
System that replaced encomienda that required labor for shorter amounts of time, usually several weeks.
8. Hacienda:
Labor system in the 1600s, replaced repartimiento, laborers were employed directly by large estate owners, peons had little control over their own lives
9. Peninsulares:
In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain, they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas
10. Creoles:
Spaniards born in the New World, wealthy and elite but could not hold highest offices, resented peninsulares
11. Mestizo:
Literally “mixed”, a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.
12. Castas:
Castes, classes based on color of skin
13. Indians:
What Europeans called the indigenous peoples of Americas
14. Brazil:
Colony of Portugal, dominated sugar production for a time
15. Haiti:
French Caribbean colony, known for sugar production, large amount of African slaves
16. Mulattoes:
Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood
17. Settler colonies:
Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply sending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America
18. Russian Empire:
Centered on Moscow, became world’s largest state, expanded westward and into Siberia during this time
19. “soft gold”:
Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status. In several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it.
20. Tsar/Czar:
King of Russia, absolute ruler, caesar
21. Yasak:
Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs
22. Cossacks:
Bands of independent warriors made of peasants and criminals
23. Peter the Great:
Czar known for westernization of Russia (1689-1725)
24. Catherine the Great:
Enlightened despot of Russia (1762-1796)
25. Qing dynasty of China:
Ruling dynasty of China from 1644-1912, the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China
26. Mughal Empire:
One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims
27. Akbar:
The most famous emperor of India’s Mughal Empire( r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion
28. Aurangzeb:
Mughal emperor (r. 1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors’ policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy
29. Ottoman Empire:
Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa
30. 1453:
Constantinople, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II “the conqueror”, marked the end of Christian Byzantium
31. Balkans:
Area of Southeastern Europe above Greece
32. Devshirme:
The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elict Janissary infantry corps
33. Janisseries:
Elite military force of the Ottoman turks / Chapter 14
34. Vasco da Gama:
Portuguese sailor/explorer who sailed around Africa to India
35. “trading post empire”:
Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples
36. cartaz:
A Pass for merchant vessels in the Indian Ocean issued by the Portuguese
37. Philip II:
King of Spain (1556-1598)
38. Ferdinand Magellan:
Portuguese mariner who sailed around the world for Spain (1519-1521)
39. Manila:
Capital of Philippines
40. British East India Company:
Private trading company chartered by the government of England around 1600. They were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade; including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.
41. Dutch East India Company:
Private trading company chartered by the government of the Netherlands around 1600. They were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade; including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.
42. Daimyo:
Feudal lords of Japan
43. Samurai:
Japanese warriors during feudal times, similar to knights, followed bushido
44. Shogun:
In Japan, supreme military commander
45. Tokugawa shogunate:
Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a “closed door” policy toward European encroachments
46. Silver trade:
Global network of exchange of the metal, “went round the world, made world go round”, sustained and direct link between Americas and Asia
47. Potosi:
City that developed high in the Andes at the site of the world’s largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in 1570s
48. Fur trade:
Caused in part by Little Ice Age, North America and Siberia brought in, truly global, depletion of fur-bearing animals, mainly native Americans did the hunting and trapping
49. Little Ice Age:
A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters
50. Atlantic Slave trade:
Generally 1500-1866, an estimate of 12.5 million people Africans were moved to Americas to be slaves
51. Slavs in slave trade:
Slavic-speaking people were used in slave trade in Mediterranean region, slave comes from slav
52. Middle Passage:
The movement of African slaves across the Atlantic, the second part of the triangular trade, many died, horrible conditions
53. Kingdom of Dahomey:
West African kingdom, exploited the slave trade
54. Queen Nzinga:
(1626-1663) queen of Matamba in Africa, resisted Portuguese takeover / Chapter 15
55. The Reformation:
Schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther. The movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation “by faith alone”
56. Martin Luther:
Monk who started the Reformation by writing the Ninety-five Theses
57. Ninety-five Theses:
List of 95 issues that Luther had with the RCC including indulgences, salvation by faith alone, interpreting the Bible, character and activities of the clergy, etc
58. Indulgences:
Sold by RCC as a way to remove penalties of sin
59. Printing Press:
Invented by Gutenberg around 1450, helped spread the Reformation
60. Protestants:
any of a group of German princes and cities presenting a defense of freedom of conscience against an edict of the Diet of Spires in 1529 intended to suppress the Lutheran movement
61. Huguenots:
French Protestants
62. Thirty Years’ War:
(1618-1648) War between Catholics and Protestants in Europe, mainly HRE
63. Edict of Nantes:
Issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, religious tolerance for Huguenots until they return to the RCC
64. Peace of Westphalia:
End of Thirty Years’ War, each state is sovereign in religious affairs
65. Catholic/Counter Reformation:
An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability
66. Council of Trent:
(1545-1563) RCC reaffirmed beliefs attacked by Luther/Protestants and also cracked down on abuses and corruption
67. Society of Jesus (Jesuits):
Priests dedicated to the renewal of RCC and spreading Catholicism
68. TakiOnqoy:
Literally “dancing sickness”, a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity
69. Cofradias:
Church-based associations of lay people who took care of local church and community rituals and religious ceremonies
70. Matteo Ricci:
Famous Jesuit missionary in China from 1582-1610, learned Chinese and Confucian texts, dressed like Chinese
71. Wahhabi movement:
Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia
72. Neo-Confucianism:
Beginning during the Song dynasty, beliefs of Buddhism and Daoism put on a Confucian framework
73. Kaozheng:
Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis
74. The Dream of the Red Chamber:
Popular fiction, 120 chapters, over 400 characters, discussed elite family in 18th century China
75. Bhakti movement:
Devotional form of Hindu, songs, prayers, poems, dances; set aside caste distinctions; direct contact with divine (like Sufism in Islam)
76. Sikhism:
Religious tradition of northern India that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam
77. The Scientific Revolution:
Intellectual and cultural transformation that took place from mid 1500s to early 1700s, information based on experimentation and research, questioned ideas of the RCC
78. Nicolaus Copernicus:
Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos
79. Galileo Galilei:
Italian who invented the Telescope, was put under house arrest for supporting Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
80. Rene Descartes:
“Cogito Ergo Sum” French philosopher who believed in human reason, analytical geometry
81. Sir Isaac Newton:
English natural scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution, calculus
82. Johannes Kepler:
German mathematician, elliptical orbits, laws of planetary motion
83. The Enlightenment:
European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs
84. Adam Smith:
Father of Capitalism, laws of economics, Scottish
85. Immanuel Kant:
German intellectual, “Dare to know”, use your own understanding
86. John Locke:
People are naturally good, can learn from experiences, people can govern themselves, against absolute monarchy, English
87. Voltaire:
Pen name of the French philosopher whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes
88. Deism:
Belief in an abstract remote god who creates things but has no personal relationship with humans or their daily lives
89. Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
The Social Contract, women are inferior to men
90. Mary Wollstonecraft:
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, English writer, women should be educated as men are
91. Romantic art movement:
In response to Enlightenment, against too much reasoning, focused on emotion, passion and imagination
92. “Dutch learning”:
Japan allowed only the Dutch to trade with them and the Dutch brought in many western ideas/beliefs
Key Concept 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
I .In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments. / Indian Ocean: Portugal created trading post empire, silver trade, spices, British and Dutch East Indies Cos.
Mediterranean: continued trade, Italians had most control, slave trade/Slavs
Sahara: Slave trade to Mediterranean for metal goods, firearms, tobacco, etc.
Overland Eurasia: Siberia/fur trade, traditional Silk Roads continued, Silver trade=China wanted silver
II. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds / Astrolabe: Navigation tool, latitude and longitude
Revised Maps: with new discovery and colonization more reliable and exact maps could be created on the Americas
Caravels: Sailing ships, triangular sails, sail into wind, for exploration
III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. (EXPLORATION)
A. China / Zheng He in Indian Ocean basin, treasure fleets (Ming)
B. Portugal / Prince Henry the Navigator, Atlantic islands, west coast of Africa (Dias), into Indian Ocean to India (Vasco da Gama), trading post empire, across Atlantic to Caribbean and founding Brazil
C. Spain / Across Atlantic to Americas (Columbus and others with him) new colonies/ New Spain in Americas, conquered Aztec and Incas, Magellan’s circumnavigation, colonization of Philippines, Manila galleons crossing Pacific from Mexico to Philippines
D. North Atlantic Crossings / English-Colonization, 13 Colonies
French-claiming of land, lost it in French and Indian War, La Salle, fur-trade
Dutch-Henry Hudson
E. In Oceania and Polynesia / Cook
spices
IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.
A. European merchants’ role in Asian trade / Portuguese control Indian Ocean, “trading post empire”, British East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Dutch in Japan, supply Silver, spices
B. Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas. / Silver mined in Americas (85%) and Japan, used to purchase goods for Europeans, China wanted it (mercantilism) Philippines
Harsh conditions for native Americans in mines
C. Joint-stock companies / Companies that received charters to create colonies in New World. Less risk
D. The Atlantic / Plantations on Atlantic islands near Europe, Slave Trade across Atlantic/Triangular Trade
Creates more colonization, global economy
V. The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange
A. Spread of disease / Americans were not immune to Smallpox, killed millions, depleted population “The Great Dying”
Measles, diptheria
B. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period. / Corn, potato, peanuts, sweet potatoes, chocolate
Sugar, tobacco, cotton
(see Columbian Exchange list)
C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. / Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats
Okra, yams, rice, bananas
D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. / Calories from foods such as corn and potatoes help grow population
E. European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the American often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion. / As Europeans settle and create plantations they use the land. They must cut down trees to provide arable land. Cash crops being grown in the same places every year leads to soil depletion.
Mining, use of natural resources
VI. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices.
A. Islam / Sikhism
Wahhabi movement
B. Christianity including the Reformation / Schism in Catholic Church caused by ideas expressed by Martin Luther in 95 Theses. (Salvation by faith alone, pope is not authority, everyone can read and interpret Bible, against indulgences, etc.)
Counter-Reformation=Council of Trent
Jesuits in China
Spread of Christianity to Americas. Encomienda system.
Puritans, religious freedom as reason for colonization in North America
Missions (RCC and Jesuits)
Spread of Eastern Orthodox Church with expansion of Russia
Deism and pantheism in contrast to Christianity
Scientific Revolution challenged ideas of the RCC
Religious tolerance and freedoms in Enlightenment
Thirty Years’ War and Peace of Westphalia
Protestants
C. Buddhism / Neo-Confucianism
D. Syncretic and new forms of religion developed. / Sikhism
Neo-Confucianism
Andean and Mexican styles of Christianity, TakiOnquoy, veneration of saints in local communities
VII. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased.
A. Innovations in visual and performing arts / “spectacle” as described by Louis XIV, festivals
Baroque=movement, chiaroscuro, naturalism
Architecture=Palace of Versailles
Wood block prints in Japan
“How to” art manuals in China
B. Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia. / Scientists of Revolution, Enlightenment philosophes’ writings
Novels in China like the Dream of the Red Chamber
Printing Press! Gutenberg
Gutenberg Bible, writings of Luther and other Protestants
Protestant Reformation encouraging reading of the Bible
Key Concept 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.
A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions / All over especially new world, except New World will have slavery