Reactive Attachment (Affection) Disorder [RAD]

Note: Please look through resources very carefully. This is a controversial issue so some sources may have bias. Check carefully for the expertise or background of the writer or contributor.

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Video & Podcasts

  1. Dr. Anna Smyke: Reactive Attachment Disorder - YouTube
  2. CHILD OF RAGE - (FULL DOCUMENTARY) - YouTube
  3. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) - YouTube
  4. Attachment Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment - YouTube
  5. CBS 48 Hours: "Afraid Of Our Children" Clip on Attachment Therapy - YouTube
  6. Alex | This Emotional Life - PBS
  7. Importance of attachment | This Emotional Life - PBS
  8. Links & Books | Hold Me Tight, Let Me Go | POV | PBS
  9. A Painful Decision To Give Up Two Adopted Children | Here & Now
  10. NPR - A lot of what scientists know about parental bonding ...

Websites and Online Articles

  1. PTSD, RAD & The Adopted Child - Neurogistics
  2. Parenting Children with RAD and PTSD - Attach-China
  3. The Symptoms and Effects Of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD...
  4. RAD, ODD, PTSD, ADHD, Anxiety - Pinterest
  5. Help. The Confessions of a RAD / PTSD / Panic disordered child's ...
  6. RAD/PTSD survey
  7. My Life as a Trauma Mama: Identifying PTSD and RAD/RADish Issues:
  8. Older Child Adoption Support - You're Not Alone: Parenting the ...
  9. PTSD in Parents of Children with RAD - Come Over To...
  10. Approaches for Foster Parents with RAD or PTSD Children - krillco
  11. Association for Treatment and Training in the Attachment of Children - ATTACh is an international coalition of parents and professional involved with children who have attachment difficulties. The organization is dedicated in promoting the identification of attachment issues, and effective interventions and treatments.
  12. Attach-China - Provided by a mother whose child is healing from attachment disorder. Includes articles on attachment issues and suggestions for parenting children with detachment issues.
  13. The Attachment Disorder Site Webring - This ring includes sites that have information and/or support for those dealing with attachment disorder.
  14. Attachment Disorder Network - A national support group serving children and families affected by the disorder and related issues. Includes newsletter, live chat and explanatory articles. Based in Overland Park, Kansas, USA.
  15. Attachment Disorder Site - Provides information and support to persons dealing with attachment disorder and the many related problems that these children face. Also includes information on parenting, treatment, and school issues.
  16. The Attachment Disorder Support Group (ADSG) - Promoting the education and understanding of reactive attachment disorder and providing support to those parents tasked with the journey of raising children with special needs.
  17. Dr. Ronald S. Federici - An author and a developmental neuropsychologist, based in Alexandria, Virginia and specializing in the treatment of children with attachment disorder, including international adoptees.
  18. Heal The Hearts Foundation - Advocate group that provides the public with information, parents with support, resources, and scholarships for reactive attachment disorder therapy.
  19. RadKid.Org: Reactive Attachment Disorder - Find information, ideas, and support for parents and caregivers of children with detachment disorder. Includes a support forum and a resource directory for childhood behavioral issues.
  20. Trauma and Attachment - Symptoms and causes of attachment disorder. (September 08, 1997)

JSTOR articles

  1. A Practitioner Looks at Adoption Research
  2. A Three Year Follow-Up of Attachment and Indiscriminate Friendliness in Children Adopted from Romanian Orphanages
  3. Adaptive Emotion Regulation among Low-Income African American Children
  4. Attachment in Institutionalized and Community Children in Romania
  5. Atypical Patterns of Early Attachment: Theory, Research, and Current Directions
  6. Child Emotional Security and Interparental Conflict
  7. Competence of Children Adopted from the Former Soviet Union
  8. Early Development of Children at Risk for Emotional Disorder
  9. Emotional Competence and its Influences on Teaching and Learning
  10. Should Your Infant Spend the Night? What the experts say about overnight visits for young children
  11. The Early Caregiver-Child Relationship and Attention-Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity in Kindergarten: A Prospective Study

Google Scholar

  1. Attachment Disorders, their Assessment and Intervention/Treatment (PDF). British Association for Adoption and Fostering, Position Statement 4, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-02-23
  2. Bakermans-Kranenburg M, van IJzendoorn M, Juffer F (2003). "Less Is More: Meta-Analyses of Sensitivity and Attachment Interventions in Early Childhood" (PDF). Psychological Bulletin129 (2): 195–215. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195. PMID12696839. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  3. Benoit D, Madigan S, Lecce S, Shea B, Goldberg S (2002). "Atypical maternal behaviour toward feeding disordered infants before and after intervention". Infant Mental Health Journal22 (6): 611–26. doi:10.1002/imhj.1022.
  4. Bonanno GA (2004). "Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?" (PDF). American Psychologist59 (1): 20–28. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20. PMID14736317. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  5. Boris NW, Hinshaw-Fuselier SS, Smyke AT, Scheeringa MS, Heller SS, Zeanah CH (2004). "Comparing criteria for attachment disorders: establishing reliability and validity in high-risk samples". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry43 (5): 568–77. doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00010. PMID15100563.
  6. Boris NW, Zeanah CH (1999). "Disturbance and disorders of attachment in infancy: An overview". Infant Mental Health Journal20: 1–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199921)20:1<1::AID-IMHJ1>3.0.CO;2-V.
  7. Boris NW, Zeanah CH, Larrieu JA, Scheeringa MS, Heller SS (1 February 1998). "Attachment disorders in infancy and early childhood: a preliminary investigation of diagnostic criteria". Am J Psychiatry155 (2): 295–97. PMID9464217. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  8. Boris NW, Zeanah CH, Work Group on Quality Issues (2005). "Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood" (PDF). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry44 (11): 1206–19. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000177056.41655.ce. PMID16239871. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  9. Cappelletty G, Brown M, Shumate S (2005). "Correlates of the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ) in a Sample of Children in Foster Placement". Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal22 (1): 71–84. doi:10.1007/s10560-005-2556-2. "
  10. Chisholm K (1998). "A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages". Child Dev (Blackwell Publishing) 69 (4): 1092–106. doi:10.2307/1132364. JSTOR1132364. PMID9768488.
  11. Chisholm, K; Carter, M; Ames, E; Morison, S (1995). "Attachment Security and indiscriminately friendly behavior in children adopted from Romanian orphanages". Development and Psychopathology7 (02): 283–94. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006507.
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  13. Crittenden PM (1992). "Quality of attachment in the preschool years". Development and Psychopathology4 (02): 209–41. doi:10.1017/S0954579400000110. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
  14. DSM-V Proposed Draft. Reactive attachment disorder. American Psychiatric Association. Charles H. Zeanah.
  15. Guttmann-Steinmetz S, Crowell JA (2006). "Attachment and externalizing disorders: a developmental psychopathology perspective". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry45 (4): 440–51. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000196422.42599.63. PMID16601649.
  16. Hall SE, Geher G (2003). "Behavioral and personality characteristics of children with reactive attachment disorder". J Psychol137 (2): 145–62. doi:10.1080/00223980309600605. PMID12735525.
  17. Hanson RF, Spratt EG (2000). "Reactive Attachment Disorder: what we know about the disorder and implications for treatment". Child Maltreat5 (2): 137–45. doi:10.1177/1077559500005002005. PMID11232086.
  18. Heller SS, Boris NW, Fuselier SH, Page T, Koren-Karie N, Miron D (2006). "Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated twins follow-up: from 18 months to 8 years". Attach Hum Dev8 (1): 63–86. doi:10.1080/14616730600585177. PMID16581624.
  19. Hinshaw-Fuselier, Sarah; Boris, Neil W.; Zeanah, Charles H. (1999). "Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated twins". Infant Mental Health Journal20 (1): 42–59. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199921)20:1<42::AID-IMHJ4>3.0.CO;2-B.
  20. Hodges J, Tizard B (1989). "Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents". J Child Psychol Psychiatry30 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00770.x. PMID2925822.
  21. Marshall PJ, Fox NA (2005). "Relationship between behavioral reactivity at 4 months and attachment classification at 14 months in a selected sample". Infant Behavior and Development28 (4): 492–502. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.06.002.|accessdate= requires |url= (help)
  22. Marvin R, Cooper G, Hoffman K, Powell B (April 2002). "The Circle of Security project: Attachment-based intervention with caregiver – pre-school child dyads" (PDF). Attachment & Human Development4 (1): 107–24. doi:10.1080/14616730252982491. PMID12065033. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  23. Mercer J (2005). "Coercive restraint therapies: a dangerous alternative mental health intervention". MedGenMed7 (3): 6. PMC1681667. PMID16369232.
  24. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, D (1996). "Characteristics of infant child care: Factors contributing to positive caregiving". Early Childhood Research Quarterly11 (3): 269–306(38). doi:10.1016/S0885-2006(96)90009-5.
  25. Newman L, Mares S (2007). "Recent advances in the theories of and interventions with attachment disorders". Current Opinion in Psychiatry20 (4): 343–8. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3281bc0d08. PMID17551348.
  26. O’Connor TG, Bredenkamp D, Rutter M, & The English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team (1999). "Attachment disturbances and disorders in children exposed to early severe deprivation". Infant Mental Health Journal20: 10–29. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199921)20:1<10::AID-IMHJ2>3.0.CO;2-S.
  27. O'Connor TG, Marvin RS, Rutter M, Olrick JT, Britner PA (2003). "Child-parent attachment following early institutional deprivation". Dev. Psychopathol.15 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000026. PMID12848433.
  28. O'Connor TG, Rutter M (2000). "Attachment disorder behavior following early severe deprivation: extension and longitudinal follow-up. English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry39 (6): 703–12. doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00008. PMID10846304.
  29. O'Connor TG, Zeanah CH (2003). "Attachment disorders: assessment strategies and treatment approaches". Attach Hum Dev5 (3): 223–44. doi:10.1080/14616730310001593974. PMID12944216.
  30. Proposed Revision Reactive Attachment Disorder, American Psychiatric Association (2012). Retrieved from
  31. Reactive Attachment Disorder, DCFS, State of Illinois and DBHS Practice Protocol: Disturbances and Disorders of Attachment (PDF), Arizona Department of Health Services, 2006-10-02. Retrieved on 2008-02-23.
  32. Reactive Attachment Disorder. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Facts for Families, No. 85; Updated December 2002. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  33. Schechter DS, Myers MM, Brunelli SA, et al. (September 2006). "Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: Understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions". Infant Mental Health Journal27 (5): 429–447. doi:10.1002/imhj.20101. PMC2078524. PMID18007960.
  34. Schechter DS, Willheim E (July 2009). "Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America18 (3): 665–86. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001. PMC2690512. PMID19486844.
  35. Skovgaard AM, Houmann T, Christiansen E et al. (2007). "The prevalence of mental health problems in children 1½ years of age – the Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000". J Child Psychol Psychiatry48 (1): 62–70. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01659.x. PMID17244271.
  36. Smyke AT, Dumitrescu A, Zeanah CH (2002). "Attachment disturbances in young children. I: The continuum of caretaking casualty". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry41 (8): 972–82. doi:10.1097/00004583-200208000-00016. PMID12162633.
  37. Speltz ML (2002). "Description, History and Critique of Corrective Attachment Therapy" (PDF). The APSAC Advisor14 (3): 4–8. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  38. Stovall KC, Dozier M (2000). "The development of attachment in new relationships: single subject analyses for 10 foster infants". Dev. Psychopathol.12 (2): 133–56. doi:10.1017/S0954579400002029. PMID10847621.
  39. Thompson RA (2000). "The legacy of early attachments". Child Dev71 (1): 145–52. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00128. PMID10836568.
  40. Toth, S; Maughan A, Manly J, Spagnola M, Cicchetti D (2002). "The relative efficacy of two in altering maltreated preschool children's representational models: implications for attachment theory". Development and Psychopathology14 (4): 877–908. doi:10.1017/S095457940200411X. PMID12549708. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
  41. van den Boom D (1994). "The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants". Child Development (Blackwell Publishing) 65 (5): 1457–77. doi:10.2307/1131277. JSTOR1131277. PMID7982362.
  42. van den Boom D (1995). "Do first-year intervention effects endure? Follow-up during toddlerhood of a sample of Dutch irritable infants". Child Dev (Blackwell Publishing) 66 (6): 1798–816. doi:10.2307/1131911. JSTOR1131911. PMID8556900.
  43. Van Ijzendoorn M, Bakermans-Kranenburg M (September 2003). "Attachment disorders and disorganized attachment: Similar and different". Attachment & Human Development5 (3): 313–20(8). doi:10.1080/14616730310001593938. PMID12944229.
  44. Wilson SL (2001). "Attachment disorders: review and current status". J Psychol135 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1080/00223980109603678. PMID11235838.
  45. Zeanah CH (1996). "Beyond insecurity: a reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy". J Consult ClinPsychol64 (1): 42–52. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.42. PMID8907083.
  46. Zeanah CH (2000). "Disturbances and disorders of attachment in early childhood". In Zeanah CH (Ed.) Handbook of infant mental health (2nd ed.) pp. 358–62. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1-59385-171-5
  47. Zeanah CH, Fox NA (2004). "Temperament and attachment disorders". J Clin Child AdolescPsychol33 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_4. PMID15028539.
  48. Zeanah CH, Larrieu JA (1998). "Intensive intervention for maltreated infants and toddlers in foster care". Child AdolescPsychiatrClin N Am7 (2): 357–71. PMID9894069.
  49. Zeanah CH, Scheeringa M, Boris N, Heller S, Smyke A, Trapani J (August 2004). "Reactive Attachment Disorder in Maltreated Toddlers". Child Abuse & Neglect: the International Journal28 (8): 877–88. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.01.010. PMID15350771.
  50. Zeanah CH, Smyke AT, Koga SF, Carlson E (2005). "Attachment in institutionalized and community children in Romania". Child Dev76 (5): 1015–28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00894.x. PMID16149999.

Academic Search Premiere

How to open articles. Click on the BLUE link under the citation information for each article. Articles are already in MLA format. Then enter the username and password for the article database

  1. Mikic, Natalie, and Miguel M. Terradas. "MentalizationAnd Attachment Representations: A Theoretical Contribution To The Understanding Of Reactive Attachment Disorder." Bulletin Of The Menninger Clinic 78.1 (2014): 34-56.
  2. Shi, Lin. "Treatment Of Reactive Attachment Disorder In Young Children: Importance Of Understanding Emotional Dynamics." American Journal Of Family Therapy 42.1 (2014): 1-13.
  3. Raaska, H., et al. "Internationally Adopted Children In Finland: Parental Evaluations Of Symptoms Of Reactive Attachment Disorder And Learning Difficulties - FINADO Study." Child: Care, Health & Development 38.5 (2012): 697-705.
  4. Mercer, Jean. "Giving Parents Information About Reactive Attachment Disorder: Some Problems." Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter 29.8 (2013): 1-7.
  5. Minnis, Helen, et al. "An Exploratory Study Of The Association Between Reactive Attachment Disorder And Attachment Narratives In Early School-Age Children." Journal Of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 50.8 (2009): 931-942.
  6. Sadiq, Fareeha, et al. "Social Use Of Language In Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder And Autism Spectrum Disorders." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 21.5 (2012): 267-276.
  7. Pignotti, Monica. "Reactive Attachment Disorder And International Adoption: A Systematic Synthesis." Scientific Review Of Mental Health Practice 8.1 (2011): 30-49.
  8. Hardy, Lyons T. "Attachment Theory And Reactive Attachment Disorder: Theoretical Perspectives And Treatment Implications." Journal Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 20.1 (2007): 27-39.
  9. Minnis, Helen, Gail Fleming, and Sally-Ann Cooper. "Reactive Attachment Disorder Symptoms In Adults With Intellectual Disabilities." Journal Of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities 23.4 (2010): 398-403.
  10. Wimmer, Jane, M. Vonk, and Patrick Bordnick. "A Preliminary Investigation Of The Effectiveness Of Attachment Therapy For Adopted Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 26.4 (2009): 351-360.
  11. Balbernie, Robin. "Reactive Attachment Disorder As An Evolutionary Adaptation." Attachment & Human Development 12.3 (2010): 265-281.
  12. Ferguson, Lauren, et al. "Residential Childcare Workers' Knowledge Of Reactive Attachment Disorder." Child & Adolescent Mental Health 16.2 (2011): 101-109.
  13. McLaughlin, Alexis, Carolyn Espie, and Helen Minnis. "Development Of A Brief Waiting Room Observation For Behaviours Typical Of Reactive Attachment Disorder." Child & Adolescent Mental Health 15.2 (2010): 73-79.
  14. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: What Parents And Caregivers Should Know." Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter 29.(2013): 1-2.
  15. Kemph, John P., and Kytja K. S. Voeller. "Reactive Attachment Disorder In Adolescence." Adolescent Psychiatry 30.(2007): 159-178.
  16. Corbin, James. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Biopsychosocial Disturbance Of Attachment." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 24.6 (2007): 539-552.
  17. Thrall, Elizabeth E., et al. "Screening Measures For Children And Adolescents With Reactive Attachment Disorder." Behavioral Development Bulletin 15.(2011): 4-10.
  18. Termini, Kristin, et al. "Reactive Attachment Disorder And Cognitive, Affective And Behavioral Dimensions Of Moral Development." Behavioral Development Bulletin 15.(2011): 18-28.
  19. Sheaffer, Beverly L., et al. "Nonverbal Processing And Social Competency In Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder." Behavioral Development Bulletin 15.(2011): 11-17.
  20. Tobin, David, Katherine Wardi-Zonna, and Ann Marie Yezzi-Shareef. "Early Recollections Of Children And Adolescents Diagnosed With Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal Of Individual Psychology 63.1 (2007): 86-95.
  21. Shaw, Steven R., and Doris Páez. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: Recognition, Action, And Considerations For School Social Workers." Children & Schools 29.2 (2007): 69-74.
  22. Scott Heller, Sherryl, et al. "Reactive Attachment Disorder In Maltreated Twins Follow-Up: From 18 Months To 8 Years." Attachment & Human Development 8.1 (2006): 63-86.
  23. Schwartz, Eric, and Andrew S. Davis. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: Implications For School Readiness And School Functioning." Psychology In The Schools 43.4 (2006): 471-479.
  24. Boekamp, John R. "Reactive Attachment Disorder In Young Children: Current Perspectives On Diagnosis And Treatment." Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter 24.8 (2008): 1-7.
  25. Schuengel, Carlo, et al. "Attachment, Intellectual Disabilities And Mental Health: Research, Assessment And Intervention." Journal Of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities 26.1 (2013): 34-46.
  26. Hall, Sara Elizabeth Kay, and Glenn Geher. "Behavioral And Personality Characteristics Of Children With Reactive Attachment Disorder." Journal Of Psychology 137.2 (2003): 145.
  27. Taylor, Raymond J. "Family Unification With Reactive Attachment Disorder Children: A Brief Treatment." Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal 24.3 (2002): 475-481.
  28. Becker-Weidman, Arthur. "Treatment For Children With Trauma-Attachment Disorders: Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 23.2 (2006): 147-171.
  29. Chapman, Sue. "Reactive Attachment Disorder." British Journal Of Special Education 29.2 (2002): 91.
  30. Tibbits-Kleber, A. Lura, and Robert J. Howell. "Reactive Attachment Disorder Of Infancy (RAD)." Journal Of Clinical Child Psychology 14.4 (1985): 304.
  31. Hayes, Susanna H. "Reactive Attachment Disorder: Recommendations For School Counselors." School Counselor 44.5 (1997): 353.
  32. Lake, Peter M. "Recognizing Reactive Attachment Disorder." Behavioral Health Management 25.5 (2005): 41-44.
  33. Raaska, Hanna, et al. "Experiences Of School Bullying Among Internationally Adopted Children: Results From The Finnish Adoption (FINADO) Study." Child Psychiatry & Human Development 43.4 (2012): 592-611.
  34. Sheperis, Carl J., Edina L. Renfro-Michel, and R. Anthony Doggett. "In-Home Treatment Of Reactive Attachment Disorder In A Therapeutic Foster Care System: A Case Example." Journal Of Mental Health Counseling 25.1 (2003): 76.
  35. Cornell, Tonya, and VanyaHamrin. "Clinical Interventions For Children With Attachment Problems." Journal Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 21.1 (2008): 35-47.
  36. Ahmann, Elizabeth. "Making Meaning When A Child Has Mental Illness: Four Mothers Share Their Experiences." Pediatric Nursing 39.4 (2013): 202-205.
  37. Green, Jonathan. "Are Attachment Disorders Best Seen As Social Impairment Syndromes?." Attachment & Human Development 5.3 (2003): 259.
  38. Lopez, Molly. "REACHING Johnny." People 69.11 (2008): 98-104.

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