GARDEN CITY COLLEGE
OF
NURSING
RAJIV GHANDI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCINCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
SYNOPSISN PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT
FOR DISSERTATION
1. / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS / Mr. HARUNA ABDULLAHI IBRAHIM.1ST YEAR MSC NURSING,
GARDEN CITY COLLEGE OF NURSING,
VIDYANAGAR,
K.R PURAM,
BANGALORE-36, KARNATAKA.
2. / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / GARDEN CITY COLLEGE OF NURSING,
VIDYANAGAR,
K.R PURAM,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
3. / COURSE OF THE STUDY AND SUBJECT / MSC NURSING FIRST YEAR,
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING.
4. / DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE / MAY, 2012.
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC / A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A WORKSHOP ON KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION AMONG TEACHERS IN A SELECTED SCHOOL AT BANGALORE.
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
7.0
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
8.0
8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
9.0 / BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK
INTRODUCTION
“Already, 96 percent of all deaths from natural disasters occur in developing countries. One billion people are living in the world’s unplanned shantytowns, and 40 of the 50% of fastest growing cities are located in earthquake zones. Another 10 million people live under constant threat of floods. The World Disasters Report Predicts a Decade of Super–Disaster from 2010.” 1
From time beyond remembering, natural disasters have been the major catastrophes, calamities and mayhems that keep tormenting and maiming the human race with man having yet to achieve control over their occurrences in spite of the broad knowledge that is continuously been acquired in predicting their occurrences, management and prediction of the likely aftermath amongst others.
Earthquake is a natural disaster that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life and deterioration of health and health services on a scale that warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community2. Earthquakes are not confined to any part of the world; they can occur anywhere and anytime without discrimination of geographical location or any other ecological variable what so ever1.
From a cross-sectional study, it was submitted that morbidity generally exceeds mortality rate in earthquake, and the mortality and morbidity rates associated with a quake are higher than that of any known natural disasters today. Morbidities and mortalities are not always directly related to the disaster itself but individual’s response at the time of the quake and its aftermaths which include disease outbreak and malnutrition amongst others in addition to social and psychological havocs placed on the victim by the calamity3.
Over the course of time, several earthquakes have happened in various parts of the world and majority of which (40%) happened in Asia and greater than 30% occurred in the countries along the cost of the Pacific and Indian Oceans with a lot of resources and human lives lost.4 Earthquake is generally unavoidable, unpreventable and unpredictable, but with good disaster preparedness and setting in and implementation of mitigation measures most especially in schools, homes and working places, the damages of the calamity are reduced.1
While earthquake is generally seen as a natural disaster, several research evidences has it that, earthquake may be caused by human actions such construction of dams, coal mining, unscientific development of human settlements and construction of heavy buildings amongst others5. Perhaps the best known example is the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan Province in May, 2012 which the tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities, and is the 19th deadliest earthquake of all time.6 The greatest earthquake in Australia's history is also claimed to be induced by humanity, through coal mining. The city of Newcastle was built over a large sector of coal mining areas and the earthquake has been reported to be spawned from the millions of tons of rock removed in the mining process.3
India has recorded over 40 major earthquakes across its states and union territories (higher in the northern states) and over 50% of these calamities occurred from the year 2000 to 2012 with 20% occurring in a space of less than two years from September 2011 to October 2012. The world’s third largest earthquake ever was recorded off west coast northern Sumatra India, Sri-Lanka, Maldives in 2004. Moreover, several minor tremors were felt in many locations in India and in recent years, the frequency of minor tremors is increasing at a rapidly alarming rate especially in coastal states of southern India7. In September, 2012 alone, India has recorded as much as ten (10) minor quakes in different locations across the country with Bangalore inclusive8.
Sound earthquake preparedness and mitigation in the event of major quakes will help to reduce property damage and lots of lives if properly executed with good knowledge since the phenomenon cannot be predicted nor prevented.
NEED FOR THE STUDY
The prediction of time and location of earthquake is a difficult phenomenon. The recent earthquakes in all over the world have created a threat to the human society and generally everyone, anywhere and at any given point in time stand a chance of being a victim though places that had an earthquake in history had a higher chance of having reoccurrence and those places close to the area are also having increased chances of having a quake compared to areas that are completely unaffected. 8
Most of the countries surrounding India and India itself had a number of episodes of earthquake over the course of history, and it has been established beyond any reasonable doubt that those countries at the coastal area of the Pacific and Indian Oceans have recorded more earthquakes in the last ten years than any other region of the world. 9
Karnataka state which is situated in south coast of India has for years been mentioned among the less earthquake prone areas of India ranked in zone II of seismic activities in the country. The state has not recorded a major quake in the last decade although several minor tremors were recorded and the frequency of their occurrences in recent years is a direct pointer toward the state’s increased vulnerability to having a major quake. Recently, among the minor tremors in the state was the one reported on 14th October, 2012 where parts of Dakshina Kannada, Hassan and Kodagu districts experienced a slight earthquake of 3.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale 10.
Bangalore, the largest city in Karnataka and third in India in terms of population has experienced several minor earthquakes in the last ten years although; the damage caused by these earthquakes was not large. Minor quakes are now been felt in a much frequent succession that has never happen in the city before. From the Mild Earthquake experienced in parts of the city on Friday 12 September 2008, several of such tremors were felt over and over again across the city and recently, though no damage or lost of life has been recorded, the quakes are occurring with a very short time interval in-between them (fraction of months). Most recent tremors reported in the city include the April 11th, 2012 minor earthquake that resulted from a major quake measuring 8.9 in magnitude that shattered Sumatra region, and the June 25th, 2012 mild tremor that shook an area around the center of the city 7,11.
In a study conducted by the Indian Institute of Science along with seven other institutes, which the compiled report was released in November, 2012, Bangalore-Mysore and Mandya-Channapatna-Bangalore regions were described as an high earthquake prone area and the organizations who describe the scenario to be due to the high density of population, mushrooming of buildings, improper and low quality construction practices, unscientific land use and heavy traffic conditions called for the urgent upgrading of Bangalore, Kolar, and Mandya from the current Indian Seismic Zone II to Seismic Zone III along with Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Madya Pradesh, Gujarat and Sikkim among others who were badly hit by quakes. This finding and recommendation was supported by the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences in a report it sponsored to emphasize the increasing vulnerability of Bangalore to earthquake12.Because of the high mortality and morbidity associated with earthquake due to lack of institution of mitigation and preparedness plans in the affected places worldwide, informing the populace about the risk they stand and the need for them to have a sound knowledge on earthquake preparedness skills and mitigation measures as well as the ability to put them in practice is imperative9.
Schools are critical facilities because of the special population they accommodate and they have been reported in every earthquake whenever they are affected to have been badly hit which is also due to lack of disaster plans in the places.3 If effectively executed, workshop for teachers on earthquake preparedness and mitigation will help to improve their knowledge, upgrade their practices and disseminate the information and skills to the students rapidly and even to the outside of the school.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive in depth, systematic and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audio-visual materials and personal communications.
Review of literature for this study was organized into headings as below:
- Review of literature related to earthquake.
- Review of literature related to earthquake preparedness and mitigation.
- Review of literature related to effectiveness of educational module/workshop on earthquake preparedness and mitigation.
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE
Naturally Occurring earthquakes: Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. It has no human factors involved in its causation.
Induced Earthquakes: While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earth's tectonic plates, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon: storing large amounts of water behind a dam (and possibly building an extremely heavy building), drilling and injecting liquid into wells, and by coal mining and oil drilling. 5
Earthquakes can be recorded by seismometers up to great distances, because seismic waves travel through the whole Earth's interior. The absolute magnitude of a quake is conventionally reported by numbers on the Moment magnitude scale (formerly Richter scale, magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas), whereas the felt magnitude is reported using the modified Mercalli intensity scale (intensity II–XII).
Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities: Longitudinal P-waves (shock- or pressure waves), Transverse S-waves (both body waves) and Surface waves — (Rayleigh and Love waves).13
A study report submitted to the World Health Organization on incidence of earthquake in the world over the last five (5) decades to date states that, there are around 500,000 earthquakes each year, 100,000 of these can actually be felt. The largest earthquake ever recorded was a magnitude 9.5 (Mw) in Chile on May 22, 1960. The world's deadliest recorded earthquake occurred in central China. Majority of the quakes were recorded in coastal states of the Pacific and the Indian oceans14.
A survey conducted by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) to determine India's situation on the tectonic plate of the world by reviewing records of earthquake from January to march 2012 state that, a total of 19 earthquakes were recorded across the country within a space of only three (3) months From January to March, 2012) and in September, 2012 alone, 10 quakes were reported which is a clear pointer toward the birth of a new tectonic plate 12.
A study faults constructions of dams, population density and unscientific development of lands in Bangalore to be the major factors that are making the city one of the big cities of the world that is experiencing minor quakes in frequent succession in recent years and fears that major quakes might be just around the corner especially if the problems are not checked with urgency3.
- REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION
A study on earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures in Indian schools recommended that schools should optimize the National Science Education Standards (that introduce students to natural and human-induced hazards) by incorporating disaster preparedness information into their lesson plans. The paper states that disaster preparedness education can be covered in almost any class, whether it is geography, history, economics, civics, social studies, language, arts, mathematics, science, physical education, health, or technology. School-integrated injury prevention and disaster preparedness curricula and programs should be considered a principal strategy for long-term instruction and behavior change. Materials should be well written and age appropriate and should be disseminated through various means of print and electronic media18. Hands-on, experiential learning is also another effective way to reach and engage children better16
A study focusing on Jamaica’s strategies for education and earthquake preparedness, recommended that schools participate in an innovative culinary competition where children create meals using solely nonperishable items: foods that would be available after a major disaster and schools should hold a “Disaster Awareness Week and School Quiz” competitions that allow students the opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge of hazards and disaster management.17
In a study to identify the factors associated with taking action to prepare for an earthquake and mitigation at individual level in two districts of Istanbul with different levels of earthquake risk, three socioeconomic levels were considered and a total of 1,123 people were interviewed face to face. It was found that the educational level of the respondents was the leading factor associated with taking at least three measures, followed by living in a higher earthquake risk area, solidarity activities in previous earthquakes, a higher level of knowledge about earthquakes, home ownership, and being young respectively. The investigators emphasized on the role of knowledge about earthquakes and possible mitigation/preparedness measures, and thus the importance of developing effective awareness programs18.
C. REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL MODULE/WORKSHOP ON EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION
A study focused on creating earthquake preparedness and mitigation awareness and practice in some selected Schools in Indonesia states that a sound success was achieved when Lecture and demonstration methods of teaching were combined in educating both the teachers and students and 95% of the subjects demonstrated the preparedness and mitigation procedures correctly on follow up visit19.
A report submitted by the Pakistan new world hope organization (NWHO) project group on school earthquake preparedness and mitigation training reported that, there is an overwhelming success recorded using lecture presentation and demonstration in facilitating knowledge and skill acquisition on earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures among the school teachers, students and administrative staff. of the 20 selected schools used in the training programme20.
In a study conducted by a group of investigators where 211 individuals aged 15 and above were randomly selected from 22 different districts, the subjects were asked about different methods of public information and education, as well as the type of information needed for earthquake preparedness. Findings of the study show that, TV and Radio are the methods and tools that the local community considers to be most effective for earthquake-preparedness planning and management. The study recommended that, a participatory approach to earthquake-preparedness planning is very vital to ensure that program planners use methods, tools, media, and educational materials that are compatible with the culture, needs, and skills of the local communities21.
In a case study conducted in post tsunami Indonesian districts to assess the readiness and preparedness of the PHCs over there in facing disasters, self-administered questionnaire, key informant interview, and direct observation were used to obtain the data on human resources, facilities’ preparedness, and the procedures. The evaluation was performed six months after the impact phase of an earthquake and three months after the PHCs' health staff training on earthquake preparedness and mitigation measure at primary health care level was performed. The number and quality of health staff was found to be far below ideal. Fewer than half of the PHCs had emergency facilities and only one considered the need for triage, whereas the transportation mode was still limited and policy for facing disasters was not available in any of the PHCs. Therefore, in spite of the efforts made in promoting earthquake preparedness, technical provisions, including trained health staff are inadequate to facilitate utilization of the training22.
A study on impact of a workshop as a tool for teaching disaster preparedness and mitigation at community level which utilizes 200 samples in four different districts submitted that, the most effective tool in raising awareness and guiding both educated and non educated into action regarding earthquake preparedness and mitigation is a workshop that involves intensive lectures and demonstration23.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of a workshop on Knowledge and Practice of earthquake preparedness and mitigation among teachers in a selected school at Bangalore.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- To assess the knowledge of earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures among teachers in a selected school.
- To assess the practice on earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures among teachers in a selected school.
- To determine the effectiveness of workshop on knowledge and practice of earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures among teachers in a selected school.
- To associate the level of knowledge of earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures among the teachers with their selected demographic variables such as Age, Teaching Discipline and Educational Qualifications.
- To associate the level of practice of earthquake preparedness and mitigation measures among the teachers with their selected demographic variables such as Age, Teaching Discipline and Educational Qualifications.