RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSEDRTATION
1. / Name of the Candidate & Address / BINOY.K.RSmrithy
Pangappara (PO)
Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala-695581
2. / Name of the Institution / KTG COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
3. / Course of Study & Subject / MASTERS IN PHYSIOTHERAPY
(Musculoskeletal disorders and Sports Physiotherapy)
4. / Date of Admission to the Course / 07/07/2011
5. / Title of the Topic:
“EFFECT AND COMPARISON OF STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC STRETCHING
ON LOWER EXTREMITIES AS PART OF WARM-UP PROTOCOL IN
IMPROVING 30 METER SPRINTING PERFORMANCE.”
6. / Brief Resume of the intended work:
6.1 Need of the Study:
Good flexibility is known to bring positive benefits in the muscles & joints. It aids with injury prevention, helps to minimize the muscle soreness & improves efficiency in all physical activity. Stretching is an effective example to improve the flexibility.
ROSENBAUM D, HENNING EM et al (1995) (10) had conducted a study with 50 male subject to investigate the acute effect of prior exercise (Warm-Up & stretching) & concluded that the changes in the force characteristics observed after stretching treatment indicate improved muscle compliance that might reduce the risk of injury. On the other hand the changes after the additional warm-up run had a more pronounced influence with regards to improved force development.
Although sports activities include many components, Sprinting place a vital role among them with coaches searching for the ways to improve sprinting techniques & methods in athletes. Passive muscle stretching just before engaging in physical activity is a common practice among athlete because stretching is thought to promote better performance & reduce the rise of injury. (Shellok & Prentice, 1985) (12). Some studies have a different opinion about the effect of stretching on sprinting performance. Due to the paucity, heterogeneity & poor quality of the available studies no definitive conclusions can be made on the importance of stretching which reduces the rise of exercise-related injury. (Weldon SM, Hill RH et al). (7)
Many researchers have explained about the negative influence of static stretching on performance, but the literatures available are insufficient about the efficacy of dynamic stretching to enhance the sports performance.
Some studies have stated that the performing activities that reduces muscle stiffness (such as static stretching), may be detrimental to performance. (Tammy k. Evetovich et al 2003) In another study (Keitaro kubo et al 2002) (9) with eight male subject for the purpose to examine whether stretching training altered the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo and suggests that the stretching training affected the viscosity of tendon structures but not the elasticity.
However controversies exist in the literatures about the applicability of such results to the actual warm-up programme practiced by the athletes prior to the sport performance. Moreover, there is a difference in methodology in various studies, it is difficult to compare the data between these studies for a definite conclusion and implementory in real sporting population.
In addition, literatures by Sayers et al (2008) (2) conducted a study with 20 elite female soccer players and stated that static stretching exerts a negative effect on sprint performance and should not be included as part of the preparation of routine for physical activities that
requires sprinting.
In the recent study by Kistler et al (2010) (1) conducted it with eighteen male subject to investigate the effect of passive static stretching versus no stretching on the 60M and 100M sprint after a dynamic warm up and timing got set up at 20,40,60 and 100M. Results revealed a significant slowing in performance wih static stretching in the second 20M (20-40) of the sprint trials. So it seems harmful to include static stretching in the warm-up protocol of male sprinters.
The study by Nelson et al (2005) (5) with sixteen athlets found a significant decrement in 20M sprinting performance following static stretching than the control group.
Controversies on applying these researches to the sports environment made the athelets to move from the traditional practice of static stretching in favour of using dynamic stretching as a part of warm up programme.
Some current researches have recommended that the use of dynamic stretching is safe and effective in warm-up protocol. In the study of Fletcher, Iain Jones Belham (2004) concluded that static stretching as part of a warm-up may decrease short sprint performance, whereas active dynamic stretching seams to increase in 20 meter sprint performance.
The passive static stretching in a warm-up decreases sprint performance despite being combined with dynamic stretches, when compared to a solely dynamic stretch approach Fletcher and Anness (2007). (4) Wilson et al (1994) (11) propose that stretch induce stiffer muscular-tendinous unit places the contractile component at a more optimal point for force production required for maximum repetition of movements.
However some studies were analysed regarding the efficacy of dynamic and static stretching on improving sprinting. performance, hence future research should solidfy this relationship.
There is not much studies about the comparison of static stretching and dynamic stretching as a warm up protocol in athlets, So the objective of this study is to determine the effect of static and dynamic stretching in improving 30 m sprinting performance on athletes with hand held stop watch. Hetzler RK et al (2008) (3) states that on the basis of the small mean error and high intraclass correlations the use of hand held stop watches may be viable alternative to electronic timing in correcting group data. The test result will investigate the preferable stretching as a part of warm up programme on athelets.
HYPOTHESIS
Alternative Hypothesis:
There will be a significant difference between static and dynamic stretching in lower limbs. Extremities as part of warm up protocol in improving 30th sprint.
Null Hypothesis:
There will not be a significant difference between static and dynamic stretching in lower extremities as part of warm up protocol in improving 30m sprint.
6.2 Review of Literatures:
1. Kistler, Brandon M ; Walsh, Mark S; Horn, Thelma S; Cox, Ronald H (2010) The Acute Effect of Static Stretching. On the Sprint Percormance of Collegiate Men in the 60 and 100m Dash After a Dynamic Warm-up. J. Strength Lond Res 24(9) 2280-2284,
2. Sayers, Adam L; Farley, Richards; Fuller, Dana K; Jubenville, Colby B; Caputo, Jennifer L (2008). The effect of static stretching on phases of sprint performance in elite soccer players J strength cond Res 22(5) 1416-1421
3. Hetzler RK, Stickley CD, Lundquist KM, Kimura IF (2008) Reliability and accuracy of handheld stopwatches compared with electronic timing in measuring sprint performance J strength cond 22(6) 1969-76.
4. Fletcher IM, Anness R (2007) The acute effect of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty- meter sprint performance in track-and-field athlets. J Strength Cond 21(3) 784-787.
5. Arnold G. Nelcon, Nicole M. Driscoll, Dennis K Landin, Michael A Young, & Irving C Schexnayder (2005) Acute effects of Passice muscle stretching on sprint performance Journal of sports science 23(5); 449-454.
6. Fletcher, Iain M; Tones, Betham (2004) The effect of different warm-up stretch protocols on 20 meter sprint performance in Trained Rugby union players. Journal of strength & conditioning Research.
7. Weldon SM& Hill RH (2003). The efficiency of stretching for prevention of exercise-related injury; a systematic review of the literature. Man Ther.38 141-150.
8. Evetovich TK, Nauman NJ, conley DS, Todd JB (2003) Effect of Static stretching of the biceps brachii on toque, electromyography, and mechanomyo during concentric I sokinetic muscle actions. J Strength cond Res 17(3) 484-8.
9. Keitaro Kubo, Hiroaki Kanehisa and Tetsuo Fukunaga (2002). Effect of stretching training on the Viscoelastic properties of Applied Physiology Vol.92.no.2, 595-601.
10. Rosenbaum, D, & Henning, E.M (1995). The influence of Stretching and warm-up exercise on Schilles tendon reflex activity, Journal of Sports science 13, 481-490.
11. G.J. Wilson, A.J. Morphy, and J.F. Prayor (1994) Musculotendinuous stiffness; its relationship to ecocentric, isometric and concentric performance. Journal of Applied physiology 76(6) 2714-2719.
12. Shellock FG and Prentice WE (1985) Warming up and stretching for im proved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries, sports medicine 2, page No. 267-268.
6.3 Objectives of the Study:
Primary objective
· To find the effect of static versus dynamic stretching on lower limb as part of warm up protocol in improving 30m sprint.
Secondary objectives
· To find the effect of static stretching on lower limbs as a part of warm up protocol in improving 30m sprint.
· To find the effect of dynamic stretching on lower limbs as part of warm up protocol in improving 30m sprint.
7 / 7.1 Source of Data : Study will be conducted at :
KTG College Ground
Heggenahalli Cross, Bangalore.
7.2 Methods of Collection of Data:
The Data will be collected from the samples of 30 healthy male athlets.
Study design
This is an experimental quantitative randomized control study with one categorical independent variable (group) and one dependent variable.
Methods used:
Stop watch
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Male athletes
2. Age 19-25 (height 170-180), Weight. 62-70 kg.
Exclusion Criteria
o Lower Limb injuries or post surgical for the past 6 month
o Skin problems
o Neurological
o Cardiac
o Orthopedic
o Arthritic conditions
o Metabolic disorders
Parameters of the study
Stop watch for time variations
7.3 Intervention to be conduced on participants (Methodology)
Thirty subjects will be included for the study, based on the selection criteria and all the participants should attend four consecutive days of data collection including orientation session. The first day, participants will familiarize the stretching technique and the out come measures. The participants should complete the informed consent form and medical health questionnaire following the orientation session.
On the second day the participants will allocate randomly to one of the three groups. static (group I), dynamic (Group II) and Control group (group III).All the three group should do the warm up prior to stretching or sprinting.
The participants install the three groups. Performed three trials of sprinting after the warm up and following out come measures recorded.
The first sprint time will not noted because to familiarizing the exercise. The next two trials of sprinting with a rest period of about 2 minutes as used by Flector and Jones (2004). The best of overall time of the sprinting performance was analyse.
Group I Further will do static stretching for quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscles under supervision of physiotherapist.
Group II will do dynamic stretching for quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscles. Under the supervision of physiotherapist.
Control group: Normal routine warm up protocols only. After stretching the participants perform the sprinting and outcomes will measures similarly as before.
The subsequent data recorded with the same procedure for the next two days with 48 hours to minimize change in the performance due to longer duration. The total study period participated by the subjects was 3 weeks and three consecutive trials for pre-test and posttest will record.
The best overall sprinting performance will note for statistical analysis.
Statistical Analysis: The effect of static and dynamic stretching on sprinting performance will analysis with the result obtained from the multivariate analysis of variance test.
Ethical clearance: As the study includes human subjects clinical clearance is obtained from research and ethical committee of institution also a written consent will be taken from each subject who participates in the study.
8 / List of references
1. Avela, J., Kyrolainen, H and Komi, P. V. (1999) 'Altered reflex sensitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretching', Journal of Applied Physiology, 86: 1283 - 1291.
2. Behm. D.G.. Bambury. A. and Cahiil, F. (2004) 'Effect of acute static stretching on force, balance, reaction time, and movement', Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 36 (8): 1397-402.
3. Chaouachi, A., Castagna C, Chtara M., Brughelli, M. (2010) 'Effect of warm-ups involving static or dynamic stretching on agility, sprinting and jumping performance in trained individuals', Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24 (8): 180-191.
4. Cornwell, A., Nelson, A. G., Heise, G. D. and Sidaway, B. (2001) The acute effects of passive muscle stretching on vertical jump performance', Journal of Human Movement Studies, 40: 307 -324.
5. Fletcher, I. M. and Anness, R. (2007) The acute effects of combined static and dynamic stretch protocols on fifty-meter sprint performance in track-and-field athletes', Journal of strength and conditioning Research, 21: 784-787.
6. Godges, J.J., Macrae, H., Longdon, C. and Tinberg, C. (1989) 'The effects of two stretching procedures on the economy of walking and jogging', Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 7: 350-357.
7. Wilson, G.J., Murphy, A.J., and Pryor, J.F. (1994) 'Musculotendinous stiffness: its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance', Journal of Applied Physiology, 76: 2714-2719.
8. Winchester, J.B., Nelson, A.G., Landin, D., Young, M.A. and Schenayder, I. C. (2008) 'Static stretching impairs sprint performance in collegiate track and field athletes', Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22: 13-19.
9. Yamaguchi, T. and Ishii, K. (2005) 'Effects of static stretching for 30 seconds and dynamic stretching on leg extension power', Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19: 677-683.
10. Young, W., Elias, G. and Power, J. (2006) 'Effects of static stretching volume and intensity on plantar flexor explosive force production and range of motion', Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 46: 403-411.
11. Derrick, T. R. (2004) Signal Processing. In D. G. E. Robertson, G. E. Caldwell, J. Hamill, G. Kamen, and S. N. Whittlesey (Ed.), Research Methods in Biomechanics (pp. 227-238). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
12. Dintiman, G. and Ward, B. (2003) 'Sport Speed ', Third Edition, Ontario: Human Kinetics.
13. Ercole, C, Rubini, L., Andre, L.L., Costa, V. and Paulo, S.C., Gomes. (2007) The Effects of Stretching on Strength Performance*. Sports Medicine. 37 (3): 213-224.
9 / Signature of the candidate
10 / Remarks of the guide
11 / Name and Designation of
(in Block Letters)
11.1 Guide
11.2 Signature
11.3 Co-Guide (if any)
11.4 Signature
11.5 Head of the Department
11.6 Signature
12 / 12.1 Remarks of the Principal
12.2 Signature
10