Cause and Effect Worksheets for Units 1-3

For each section of years, match the historical cause (in the left column) with the proper effect (in the right column) by writing the correct letter on the blank line for each section.

Ch1 - 33,000 BC-1789 AD:CauseEffect

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  1. The Great Ice Age
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  1. Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing

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  1. Cultivation of corn (maize)
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  1. European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia

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  1. New sailing technology and desire for spices
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  1. Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico

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  1. Portugal’s creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands
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  1. Exposure of a “land bridge” between Asia and North America

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  1. Columbus’ first encounter with the New World
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  1. Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California

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  1. Native Americans’ lack of immunity to smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever
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  1. A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases

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  1. The Spanish conquest of large quantities of New World gold and silver
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  1. The formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America

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  1. Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl
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  1. Cortes’ relatively easy conquest of Tenochtitlan

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  1. The Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment
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  1. A decline of 90 percent in the New World Indian population

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  1. Franciscan friars’ desire to convert Pacific Coast Indians to Catholicism
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  1. The rapid expansion of the African slave trade

Ch2 - 1500-1733:CauseEffect

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  1. The English victory over the Spanish Armada
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  1. Led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia’s Indian population

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  1. The English law of primogeniture
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  1. Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes

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  1. The enclosing of English pastures and cropland
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  1. Forced gold-hungry colonists to work and saved them from total starvation

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  1. Lord De La Warr’s use of brutal “Irish tactics” in Virginia
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  1. Led Lord Baltimore to establish the Maryland colony

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  1. The English government’s persecution of Roman Catholics
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  1. Led to the founding of the independent-minded North Carolina colony

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  1. The slave codes of England’s Barbados colony
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  1. Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization

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  1. John Smith’s stern leadership
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  1. Contributed to the formation of powerful Indian coalitions like the Iroquois and the Algonquins

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  1. The English settlers’ near destruction of small Indian tribes
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  1. Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time

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  1. The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter-run Virginia
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  1. Became the legal basis for slavery in North America

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  1. Georgia’s unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery and vulnerability to Spanish attacks
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  1. Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them elsewhere looking for opportunities elsewhere

Ch3 - 1619-1700:CauseEffect

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  1. Charles I’s persecution of the Puritans
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  1. Led to overthrow of Andros’ Dominion of New England

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  1. Puritans’ belief that their government was based on a covenant with God
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  1. Encouraged development of Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey as rich, grain-growing “bread colonies”

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  1. Puritan persecution of religious dissenters like Roger Williams
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  1. Secured political control of New York for a few aristocratic families

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  1. The Glorious Revolution
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  1. Spurred formation of the Massachusetts Bay Company and mass migration to New England

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  1. King Philip’s War
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  1. Encouraged large-scale foreign immigration to Pennsylvania

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  1. The Dutch West India Company’s search for quick profits
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  1. Led to restriction of political participation in colonial Massachusetts to “visible saints”

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  1. Dutch and English creation of vast Hudson Valley estates
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  1. Spurred William Penn’s founding of Pennsylvania

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  1. The English government’s persecution of Quakers
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  1. Meant that New Netherland was run as an authoritarian fur trading venture

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  1. William Penn’s liberal religious and immigration policies
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  1. Ended New England Indians’ attempts to halt white expansion

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  1. The middle colonies’ cultivation of broad, fertile river valleys
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  1. Led to the founding of Rhode Island as a haven for unorthodox faiths

Ch4 - 1607-1692:CauseEffect

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  1. The severe shortage of females in southern colonies
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  1. Inspired passage of strict “slave codes”

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  1. Poor white males’ anger at their inability to acquire land or start families
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  1. Sparked Bacon’s Rebellion

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  1. Planters’ fears of indentured servants’ rebellion, coupled with rising wages in England
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  1. Produced large number of unattached males and weak family structure

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  1. The dramatic increase in colonial slave population after the 1680s
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  1. Thwarted success in agriculture but helped create the tough New England character

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  1. The growing proportion of females slaves in the Chesapeake region after 1720
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  1. Inspired the Half-Way Covenant and jeremiad preaching

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  1. New Englanders’ introduction of livestock and intensive agriculture
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  1. Reduced forests and damaged the soil

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  1. The healthier climate and more equal male-female ratio in New England
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  1. Produced high birthrates and a very stable family structure

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  1. The decline of religious devotion and in number of conversions in New England
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  1. Fostered stronger slave families and growth of slave population through natural reproduction of children

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  1. Unsettled New England social conditions and anxieties about the decline of the Puritan religious heritage
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  1. Underlay the Salem witchcraft persecutions

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  1. The rocky soil and harsh climate of New England
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  1. Caused southern planters to switch from indentured-servant labor to African slavery

Ch5 - 1700-1775:CauseEffect

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  1. The high natural fertility of the colonial population
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  1. Prompted colonial assemblies to withhold royal governors’ salaries

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  1. The heavy immigration of Germans, Scots-Irish, Africans, and others into the colonies
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  1. Created the conditions for the Great Awakening to erupt in the early eighteenth century

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  1. The large profits made by merchants as military suppliers for imperial wars
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  1. Resulted in the development of a colonial “melting pot,” only one-half English by 1775

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  1. American merchants’ search for non-British markets
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  1. Was met by British attempts to restrict colonial trade, e.g., the Molasses Act

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  1. Dry over-intellectualism and loss of religious commitment
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  1. Increased the wealth of the eighteenth century colonial elite

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  1. The Great Awakening
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  1. Led to the increase of the American population to one-third of England’s in 1775

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  1. The Zenger case
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  1. Forced the migration of colonial artists to Britain to study and pursue artistic careers

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  1. The appointment of unpopular or incompetent royal governors to colonies
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  1. Marked the beginning of freedom of printed political expression in the colonies

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  1. Upper-class fear of “democratic excesses” by poor whites
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  1. Reinforced colonial property qualifications for voting

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  1. The lack of artistic concerns, cultural tradition, and leisure in the colonies
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  1. Stimulated a fervent, emotional style of religion, denominational divisions, and a greater sense of inter-colonial American identity

Ch6 - 1608-1763:CauseEffect

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  1. The French fur trade
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  1. Resulted in decisive French defeat and British domination of North America

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  1. The four “world wars” between 1688 and 1763
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  1. Prompted widespread Indian assaults on the weakly defended colonial frontier

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  1. Competition for land and furs in the Ohio Valley
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  1. Led to Washington’s expedition and battle with the French at Fort Necessity

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  1. The summoning of the Albany Congress by the British
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  1. Heightened colonial anger and encouraged illegal westward expansion

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  1. William Pitt’s assumption of control of British government and strategy
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  1. Increased American military confidence and resentment of British redcoats

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  1. Wolfe’s victory over Montcalm at Quebec
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  1. Decimated beaver populations while spreading the French empire

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  1. The colonial militia’s military success in the French and Indian War
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  1. Were echoed by four small wars between French and British subjects in North America

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  1. Colonial American smuggling and trading with French enemy
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  1. Represented the first major attempt at intercolonial unity

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  1. British issuance of the Proclamation of 1763
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  1. Increased British government’s disdain for colonial Americans and raised doubts about their loyalty to the empire

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  1. Braddock’s defeat at Fort Duquesne
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  1. Ended a string of defeats and turned the French and Indian War in Britain’s favor

Ch7 - 1763-1775:CauseEffect

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  1. America’s distance from Britain and the growth of colonial self-government
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  1. Prompted the summoning of the First Continental Congress

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  1. British mercantilism
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  1. Led Grenville to propose the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, and Stamp Act

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  1. The large British dent incurred defending the colonies in the French and Indians War
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  1. Precipitated the Battle of Lexington and Concord

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  1. Passage of the Stamp Act
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  1. Fired on colonial citizens in the Boston Massacre

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  1. British troops sent to enforce order in Boston
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  1. Prompted passage of the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act

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  1. The British government’s attempt to maintain the East India Company’s monopoly
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  1. Resulted in the printing of large amounts of paper currency and skyrocketing inflation

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  1. The Boston Tea Party
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  1. Enforced restrictions on colonial manufacturing, trade, and paper currency

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  1. The Intolerable Acts
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  1. Led to gradual development of a colonial sense of independence years before the Revolution

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  1. A British attempt to seize the colonial militia’s gunpowder supplies
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  1. Spurred patriots to stage the Boston Tea Party

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  1. The Continental Congress’ reluctance to tax Americans for war
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  1. Was greeted in the colonies by the nonimportation agreements, the Stamp Act Congress, and the forced resignation of stamp agents

Ch8 - 1775-1783:CauseEffect

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  1. The Battle of Bunker Hill
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  1. Led to American acquisition of the West up to the Mississippi River

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  1. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
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  1. Caused King George to proclaim the colonies in revolt and import Hessian troops to crush them

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  1. Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence
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  1. Led to a favorable peace treaty for the United States and the end of French schemes for a smaller, weaker America

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  1. The Patriot militia’s political education and recruitment
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  1. Caused the British to begin peace negotiations in Paris

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  1. The blundering of Burgoyne and Howe and the superb military strategy of Arnold and Washington
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  1. Inspired universal awareness of the American Revolution as a fight for the belief that “all men are created equal”

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  1. The Battle of Saratoga
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  1. Caused the British defeat at Yorktown and the collapse of North’s Tory government

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  1. Clark’s military conquests and Jay’s diplomacy
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  1. Led to the failure of Britain’s grand strategy and the crucial American victory at Saratoga

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  1. The trapping of Cornwallis between Washington’s army and de Grasse’s navy
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  1. Made France willing to become an ally of the United States

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  1. The collapse of the North ministry and the Whig takeover of the British government
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  1. Stirred growing colonial support for declaring independence from Britain

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  1. Jay’s secret and separate negotiations with Britain
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  1. Won neutral or apathetic Americans over to the Patriot cause

Ch9 - 1776-1790:CauseEffect

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  1. The American Revolution
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  1. Forced acceptance of the “Three-Fifths Compromise,” counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation

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  1. Agreement among states to give up western land claims
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  1. Made the federalists promise to add a bill of rights to the Constitution

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  1. The weakness of the Articles of Confederation
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  1. Nearly bankrupted the national government and invited assaults on American interests by foreign powers

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  1. Shay’s Rebellion
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  1. Laid the basis for the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the separation of church and state

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  1. The conflict in the Constitutional Convention between large and small states
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  1. Brought about somewhat greater social and economic equality and the virtual end of slavery in the North

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  1. The North-South conflict in the Constitutional Convention over counting slaves for representation
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  1. Finally brought New York to ratify the Constitution by a narrow margin

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  1. A meeting in Annapolis to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation
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  1. Issued a call to Congress for a special convention to revise the Articles of Confederation

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  1. Antifederalist fears that the Constitution would destroy liberties
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  1. Forced the adoption of the “Great Compromise,” which required a bicameral legislature with two different bases of representation

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  1. The Federalist and fears that New York would be left out of the Union
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  1. Scared conservatives and made them determined to strengthen the central government against debtors

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  1. The disestablishment of the Anglican Church
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  1. Made possible the approval of the Articles of Confederation and the passage of two important laws governing western lands