RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCE,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA.
ANNEXURE-II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION.
1. / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS / ABHILASH THOMAS JOY,1ST YEAR M.SC.NURSING,
ST. ANN’S COLLEGE OF NURSING,
MULKI,
MANGALORE-574154.
2. / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / ST. ANN’S COLLEGE OF NURSING,
MULKI,
MANGALORE-574154.
3. / COURSE OF STUDY AND SUBJECT / M.SC. NURSING
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
4. / DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE / 10/05/2010
5. / TITLE OF THE TOPIC
EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION BOOKLET ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AMONG PUC STUDENTS IN SELECTED COLLEGE OF MULKI.
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8 / BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED STUDY:
6.1 Need for the study:
“Children are the future of the nation. If given proper training, they could help usher in an ear of traffic culture” – Dr. P.S. Passicha
Urban transport facilities in most of the Indian cities are inadequate and deteriorating over the years. The development of public transport system has not kept place with the traffic demand both in terms of quality and quantity. As a result, the use of the undesirable modes such as personalized transport, mainly two – wheelers, and intermediate public transport, mainly three wheelers; is growing at a rapid speed. Road and footpaths today are heavily encroached by parked vehicles, hawkers, and road side business forcing pedestrians to walk on the road. This results not only in restricting the traffic flow, but also putting the pedestrians’ life at a great risk. Besides encroachment, it is found that road surface in most of the Indian cities is sub standard. In addition, lane marking and traffic signs are usually missing and the intersections often require geometric correction.No matter what the transport mode, safety must have equal consideration with environmental and economic aspects. An accident leads to a reduction of confidence in the safety of the transport system. It can lead to death and injury. It can cause massive environmental damage. It is likely to have serious commercial and financial consequences. It can lead to civil litigation and criminal prosecutions and can ruin careers.1
In the presence of motor vehicles on the road, accident has become a central issue for discussions. The increased of road accident has contributed to an increase of people deaths in every year. According to United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), at least an estimated 440,000 persons were killed and more than two millions were injured in accidents on the roads of the countries or areas in the economic and social commission for Asia and the Pacific region. The road accidents are a growing worldwide problem. Around one million deaths and over 23 million injuries per year, and around 85% of these deaths are occurred in developing countries. The problem is particularly urgent in developing countries as the Asia.2
World Health Day focuses the world’s attention on the very critical and rapidly growing public health problem. And have chosen “Road Safety is no Accident” so the slogan for the day. It tells an important tryth, on that gives reason for hope: road traffic injuries can be prevented, if they are recognized as serious public health problem and if Governments and others take necessary actions to prevent them.3
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that over one point two million die and 50 million are injured each year because of road traffic accidents worldwide. Some studies predict that RTAs will be the third global burden after disease. Day after day, youth face the risk of road traffic accidents all over the world. RTAs affect many sectors of society: individuals, families, communities and countries. Victims of fatal road accidents die on the scene or in hospital.4
The 16th National Road Safety Week emphasized on safety awareness among adolescents on January 3rd Monday 2005. With nearly 7,000 persons who die in road accidents annually in Karnataka and the numbers alarmingly increasing in the Bangalore city with around 900 deaths in 2004, there is a need to increase awareness among adolescents, motorists, etc.5
Road Traffic Accidents is on the increase globally and India is no exception. There was steady increase in RTA from 88,474 in 1997 to 98,038 in 2000. According to one estimate, the disease or injury is going to take third leading contributor of the global burden of disease after ischaemic heart disease and unipolar major depression by 2020.6
In 2002, road crashes killed 1.18 million people and injured about 20 to 50 million more. Millions were hospitalized for days, weeks or months. Five million were disabled for life. By the year 2020, if current trends continue, the annual numbers of deaths and disabilities from road traffic injuries will have risen by more than 60% to number three on WHO’s list of leading contributors to the global burden of disease and injury they were at number nine of the list in 1990. 7
A study was conducted about determinants and pattern of road traffic accidents in Kerala, India. Globally RTAs follow an inverted U-shaped curve with age, 85% of it occurs in light motor cycles, Second leading cause of death among 15-44 years, Nationally 500,000 people are killed in a year, sixth most common cause of death in Kerala, third leading cause of mortality first cause of death & disability in the age group (15 –44) . Disproportionate burden, 3% vehicles and 10 % RTA burden, accident rate per sq. km. three times the national average.8
An awareness program regarding safety measures of road traffic accidents by director of road transport corporation, India presented some major cause of accidents. Drivers’ fault – 77.91% , Pedestrian fault / fault of passengers -1.36% , Mechanical defect in vehicles -2.01% ,Bad roads – 1.32% , Other factors like bad weather, cattle coming in the way, fallen trees, road blockage, absence of rear reflectors, road signages, non-functioning of road signals, etc – 17.40% , Cost of road accidents – 3% of gross domestic product.9
From the above studies it is clear that, the problem of deaths and injuries as a result of road traffic accidents in Indian cities is serious enough to demand attention of respective authorities. Hence the researcher was interested in studying the knowledge of prevention of road traffic accidents among PUC students.
6.2Review of literature
A study was conducted on “The effectiveness of a Road Safety campaign on elderly pedestrian safety in Malaysia”. The purpose of the study was that there is a need to protect this vulnerable road user group on the road. The sample size was 587 pedestrians were interviewed in the pre-campaign survey. During the post-campaign study with an exposure period of 10 to 11 months, only 483 respondents responded giving a response rate of 82.3%. The data were later analyzed using paired sample test. The result of the study was a significant increase in mean knowledge and practice score after the campaign was launched. Therfore this sample group has a higher risk to be involved in a road accident compared to other group of road users and also this elderly age group takes a longer time to cross the road and in a pedestrian crossing area has increased.10
A study carried out on “Promoting Road Safety through Community Education Programmes – An International Study – South Africa’s Case Study Report”. Qualitative and Quantitative techniques were used to identify the key road safety issues in the community. Thereafter, an intensive educational and communication programme was run in the community together with various stakeholders. The theme being “Tomorrow’s accidents have’t happened, yet you can make the difference”11
A study was carried out on “Alcohol and road traffic injuries in South Asia: challenges for prevention”. Road traffic injuries constitute the second or third leadind cause of death in the 5-44 years age group in the region. The conclusion of the study was road safety needs to focus on reducing drinking and driving. It is important to change strategies and mechanisms to reduce drink driving in South Asia.12
A study was conducted on “Driveway Injuries Project”. The purpose of the study was to raise awareness of driveway safety issues to all residents. The focus was on a public education campaign to increase awareness and affect behavior change. A family friendly flyer, posters and a door hanger were developed in order to increase awareness of the issue and promoting safer family behaviors.13
A study was conducted on “Counter measures to prevent traffic injuries in Colombia”. The result of the study was eleven measures applied during 1993-2002 were evaluated. The implementation of the mandatory use of the helmet in July 2000 mortality reduced by 0.37 fatal cases by a month. A reduction of 0.25 fatal cases by month was attributed to use of the reflective vest since introduced in June 2001. The conclusion of the study was the use of helmet and the reflective vest should be maintained and reinforced.14
A study was conducted on “Implimentation of road safety measures in Lae and Environs”. The results were accidents causes and recommended safety measures. The conclusions were, the National Road Safety Council of Papua New Gninea in collaboration with public authorities and private enterprises is implementing the recommendations in stages.15
A study was conducted on “Assessing the validity of Road Safety Education studies by analyzing causal chains”. A causal chain denotes the path through which a road safety measure influences the number of accidents. It involves a traffic club for adolescents. The intended causal chain in this study was: join the club, improve knowledge, improve behavior and reduce accident rate.16
6.3 Statement of the problem:
Effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge regarding prevention of road traffic accidents among PUC students in selected college of Mulki.
6.4 Objectives of the study:
1. to determine the level of knowledge on prevention of road traffic accidents among PUC students using structured knowledge questionnaire.
2. to find the effectiveness of information booklet on prevention of road traffic accidents in terms of gain in knowledge score.
3. to find the association between the pre-test knowledge score and selected baseline characteristics (age, gender, education, religion, parents educational and occupation status, area of living, socio-economic status, source of information )
6.5 Operational definitions:
Effectiveness: In this study it refers to the extent to which the information booklet on road traffic accidents has achieved the intended results in terms of gain in knowledge scores amoung PUC students.
Information booklet: Information booklet refers to the systematically developed learning material prepared by the investigator to the PUC students to provide information on prevention of road traffic accidents.
Knowledge: It refers to the correct responses of the PUC students to the items of a structured knowledge questionnaire regarding prevention of road traffic accidents.
Prevention of road traffic accidents: In this study it refers to measures taken to avoid road traffic accidents.
PUC students: It refers to PUC students who are studying in selected colleges of Mulki.
6.6 Assumptions:
The study assumes that;
PUC students may have some knowledge regarding prevention of road traffic accidents.
6.7 Delimitations
The study is delimited to;
– students studying in selected pre – university college.
– students available at the time of data collection.
6.8 Hypotheses:
The hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of significance.
H1: There will be significant difference between the mean pre test and post test knowledge score of PUC students regarding prevention of road traffic accidents.
H2: There will be significant association between mean pre test knowledge score and selected baseline characteristics (age, gender, education, religion, parents educational and occupation status, area of living, socio-economic status, source of information )
MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.1.Source of data
Data will be collected from 120 students studying in selected pre – university college of Mulki who fulfill the inclusion criteria.
7.1.1Research design
A pre- experimental study (one group pretest- posttest) will be used for the study.
7.1.2 Setting
The study will be conducted in selected pre- university college of Mulki. The college is situated about 2 km away from the national highway in Mulki. The college runs under private management and caters co- education. The strength of the college is 564.
7.1.3Population
The population consists of all students studying in pre – university college of Mulki.
7.2.Method of data collection:
7.2.1 Sampling procedure/technique
The sampling technique used for this study will be simple random sampling.
7.2.2 Sample size
Study will be conducted amoung 120 students studying in selected pre – university college of Mulki.
7.2.3 Inclusion criteria
The study include the students who are willing to participate in the study
7.2.4 Instrument used:
Tool 1 : Structured knowledge questionnaire
Part I: Baseline characteristics
Part II-Structured knowledge questionnaire on prevention of road traffic accidents.
7.2.5 Material used:
Information booklet on prevention of road traffic accidents including road traffic rules and regulations, traffic sign boards, protective devices in vehicles, traffic lights, traffic do’s and don’t for adolescents.
7.2.6 Data collection method
– Prior to data collection permission will be obtained from the concerned authorities of the institution.
– Investigator will introduce himself to the participants.
– Objectives of the study will be explained.
– Informed consent will be obtained from the students.
– Pre-test will be conducted by administering structured knowledge questionnaire.
– Intervention in the form of information booklet regarding prevention of road traffic accidents will be given to pre- university college.
– Post test will be conducted by administering the same knowledge questionnaire following the administration of information booklet after seven days.
7.2.7 Data analysis plan
Data will be analysed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, median & standard deviation) and inferential statistics. The data will be analysed for significance of difference between the pre test and post test knowledge scores using paired‘t’ test. The association between pre test knowledge score and selected baseline characteristics will be determined using chi- square test. The data will be presented in the form of tables and graphs.
7.3 Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on patients or other humans or animals? If so describe briefly.
Yes, study involves identifying the knowledge level of PUC students on prevention of road traffic accidents by using structured knowledge questionnaire after getting informed consent.
7.4 Has ethical clearance has been obtained from your institution in case 7.3?
Yes, ethical clearance has been obtained from the authorities.
LIST OF REFERENCE:
1. Sanjay Kumar Singh. Ashish Mishra. Road accident analysis - A case study. 2001; p. 60-65.
2. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(2):, 2010: p. 314-320
3. Dr. Lee Jong Wook. World Health Day Theme 2004. Road Safety is no accident. The Nursing Journal of India; Vol XCV (4): 2004 ; p. 74
4. Hassan Abu Hassan. Road traffic accidents among youth worldwide. UCQ Nursing Journal of Academic Writing, Winter 2010, p. 28-36.
5. Times News Network. Road safety week kicks off. Bangalore 2005.
6. Nemai C Nath. Road Traffic Accident – The present scenario and how to prevent it. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2004.
7. Experts from WHO Brochure. How many are injured in road crashes today? What are the trends?. Health Action 2004 ; p. 5
8. Godwin S K. Determinants & pattern of road traffic accidents in Kerala, India.2008
9. S K Mishra. Road safety in India. 2000
10. Kulanthavan S, Nasir MT, Ahmed HH, Musa AH, Radin US. The effectiveness of a Road Safety Campaign on Elderly Pedestrian Safety in Malaysia. Science SC. 2004; p.47.
11. Langly JD, Dow N, Stephensen S, Kypri K. Hissing cyclists. Injury prevention; 9(4), 2003: p.376 – 379.
12. Gururaj G. Alcohol and road traffic injuries in South Asia: challenges for prevention. Journal of Coll Physicians Surg; 14(12): 2004: p. 713 -718.
13. Margaret Devlin. Driveway injuries project. In: Svanstrom L, Bolveslav J, Grivna M, editors. Sustainability within safe communities, Prague, Czech Republic; 2004 .p.32.
14. Edgar Munoz, Maria – Isabel Gutierrez, Andrea Aguilar, Dolly Garcia, Rafael Espinosa. Countermeasures to prevent Traffic Injuries in Colombia. Prague, Czech Republic; 2004.p.45.
15. Puvana Candran, Wilson Miroj. Implementation of Road Safety Measures in Lea and Environs. Prague, Czech Republic; 2004 .p.43 – 44.
16. Ellvik R. Assessing the validity of road safety evaluation studies by analyzing causal chains. Accident annual prevention; 35(5) 2003; p.741 – 748.
9 / Signature of the candidate
10 / Remark of the guide
11 / Name and designation of
11.1 Guide
11.2 Signature
11.3 Co-Guide
11.4 Signature / PROF. SR. LUCY RODRIGUES
HOD OF MEDICAL–SURGICAL NURSING
ST ANN’S COLLEGE OF NURSING
MULKI, MANGALORE
PROF. SR.LOREDANA KORAH
DEPT. OF OBSTERICS AND GYANEOCOLOGAL NURSING
ST. ANN’S COLLEGE OF NURSING
MULKI, MANGALORE
11.5 Head of the department
11.6 Signature / PROF. SR. LUCY RODRIGUES
12 / 12.1 Remark of the chairman and principal
12.2 Signature
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