Race and Culture in American War-Making, 1600-1900

1

Race and War in the American Experience, Rev. December 2003

Race and and War in the American Experience, 1585-1902:
A Bibliography

Most Recent Update: December 2003

The first two sections concentrate on works that provide conceptual frameworks for grappling with this issue or comparative works covering a broad geographical or time period. The remaining sections list works that deal with violence between whites and specific racial or ethnic groups, regardless of whether the works directly address issues of race and culture.

Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and General Works. Part I: North America

Allen, Theodore W. The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols. New York: Verso, 1994.

Back, Les, and John Solomos, eds. Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.

Berger, Maurice. White Lies: Race and the Myths of Whiteness. New York: Farrar Strauss Giroux, 1999.

Birkhofer, Robert F. The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.

Birtle, Andrew J. U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine, 1860-1941. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1998.

Richard Delgado (ed.), Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995

Delgado, Richard, and Jean Stefancic, eds. Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.

Deutsch, Sarah. "Landscape of Enclaves: Race Relations in the West, 1865-1990," in William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past. New York: Norton, 1993.

Drinnon, Richard. Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980.

Fields, Barbara J. "Ideology and Race in American History," in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, eds. Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Foner, Eric, ed. The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.

Fredrickson, George M. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914. Harper & Row, 1971.

Gates, John M. "Indians and Insurrectos: The U.S. Army's Experience with Insurgency," Parameters vol. 12, no. 1 (March 1983), pp. 59-68.

Grimsley, Mark. “‘A Very Long Shadow’: Race and Atrocity in the Civil War,” in Gregory J. W. Urwin, Black Flag over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War. Edwardsville and Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004.

______. “Race in the Civil War,” North and South vol. 4, no. 3 (March 2001), 36-46, 52-55.

Gump, James O. The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.

Gutiérrez, Ramón A. When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991.

Hannaford, Ivan. Race: The History of an Idea in the West. Johns Hopkins Press, 1996.

Holt, Thomas C., “Explaining Racism in American History,” in Anthony Molho and Gordon S. Wood, eds., Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret Their Past. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Horsman, Reginald. Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism. Harvard University Press, 1981.

Hurtado, Albert L. Indian Survival on the California Frontier. New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1988.

Ignatiev, Noel. How the Irish Became White. New York and London: Routledge, 1995.

Jacobs, Wilbur R. "The Fatal Confrontation: Early Native-White Relations on the Frontiers of Australia, New Guinea, and America--A Comparative Study." Pacific Historical Review, vol. 40, no. 3 (August 1971), 283-309.

Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Jordan, Winthrop D. White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

Joel Kovel, White Racism: A Psychohistory (1970; rpt. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984)

Thomas C. Leonard, Above the Battle: War-making from Appomattox to Versailles (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1978)

Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780-1860. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998.

Menchaca, Martha. Recovering History, Constructing Race. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.

Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: Norton, 1975).

Olzak, Susan. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992.

Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States From the 1960s to the 1990s 2nd ed. (New York and London: Routledge, 1994)

Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.

Riley, Glenda. Women and Indians on the Frontier, 1825-1915. Albuquerque: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

Roediger, David R. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London and New York: Verso, 1991.

______. Towards the Abolition of Whiteness. London and New York: Verso, 1994.

Saxton, Alexander. The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1971.

______. The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. London and New York: Verso, 1990.

Shy, John. "The Cultural Approach to the History of War." Journal of Military History 57, no. 5 (special issue; October 1993), pp. 13-26.

Slotkin, Richard. The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890. New York: Atheneum, 1985.

______. Regeneration Through Violence: The Myth of the American Frontier, 1600-1860. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1973.

Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview, 2nd ed. (Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1999).

Stephanson, Anders. Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right. New York: Hill & Wang, 1995.

Stern, Judith, et al., Scholarly Controversy: Whiteness and the Historians’ Imagination: An Assessment,” International Labor and Working-Class History No. 60 (Fall 2001), 1-92. [Special Issue]

Takaki, Ronald. Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America. Revised edition. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 [1979].

Tise, Larry E. Proslavery: A History of the Defense of Slavery in America, 1701-1840 Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.

Culture, Race, Ethnicity, and General Works. Part II: Comparative

Fredrickson, George M. The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality. Hanover, N.H.: Wesley University Press, 1988.

______. Racism: A Short History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000.

______. White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.

James, C. L. R. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. Second edition revised. New York: Vintage Books, 1963 [1938].

Marx, Anthony W. Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Ros, Martin. Night of Fire: The Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti, trans. by Karin Ford-Treep. New York: Sarpedon, 1994.

Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.

Stuart, Reginald C. United States Expansionism and British North America, 1775-1871. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America. New York: Harper & Row, 1984.

Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth. The Anatomy of Prejudices (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).

Native America (to 1815)

Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.

Axtell, James. The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.

______. The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.

Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization: From Ireland to America," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, vol. 30 (1973):575-598.

Ferling, John. Struggle for a Continent: The Wars of Early America. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1993.

Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).

Hatley, The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Revolutionary Era. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Hinderaker, Eric. Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673-1800. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Hirsch, Adam J. "The Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-Century New England." Journal of American History, vol. 74 (1987-1988), 1187-1212.

Jennings, Francis. The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies From Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744. New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1984.

______. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.

Francis Jennings, The Founders of America: How Indians Discovered the Land, Pioneered in It, and Created Great Classical Civilizations, How They Were Plunged into a New Dark Age by Invasion and Conquest, and How They Are Reviving (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1993)

Lepore, Jill. The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.

Malone, Patrick M. The Skulking Way of War: Technology and Tactics Among the New England Indians. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993 [1991].

Richter, Daniel K. "War and Culture: The Iroquois Experience." William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, vol. 40 (1983), 528-559.

Starkey, Armstrong. European and Native American Warfare, 1675-1815. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Steele, Ian K. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Vaughan, Alden T. "`Expulsion of the Salvages': English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, vol. 35, no. 1 (January 1978), 57-84.

White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Native America, 1815-1890

Merrill D. Beal, AI Will Fight No More Forever@: Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963)

Raymond G. Carey, AThe Bloodless Third= Regiment, Colorado Volunteer Cavalry,@Colorado Magazine, vol. 38, no. 3 (October 1961), 275-300

Kenneth Carley, The Sioux Uprising of 1862 (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1976)

Michael Clodfelter, The Dakota War: The United States Army Versus the Sioux, 1862-1865 (Jefferson, N.C., and London: McFarland, 1998)

Dunlay, Thomas W. Wolves for the Blue Soldiers: Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-1890. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.

Grimsley, Mark. “‘Rebels’ and ‘Redskins’: U.S. Military Conduct Toward White Southerners and Native Americans in Comparative Perspective,” in Mark Grimsley and Clifford J. Rogers (eds.), Civilians in the Path of War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002),137-162.

Hauptman, Lawrence M. Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War. New York: Free Press, 1995.

Heizer, Robert F. ed. The Destruction of California Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974.

Hoig, Stan. The Battle of the Washita: The Sheridan-Custer Indian Campaign of 1867-69. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976.

______. The Sand Creek Massacre. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.

Albert L. Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1988),

Hutton, Paul Andrew. Phil Sheridan and His Army. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.

Janda, Lance. "Shutting the Gates of Mercy: The American Origins of Total War, 1860-1880," Journal of Military History, vol. 59, no. 1 (January 1995), 7-26.

Josephy, Alvin M. The Civil War in the American West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.

Leonard, Thomas C. "Red, White and the Army Blue: Empathy and Anger in the American West." American Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2 (May 1974), 176-190.

Brigham D. Madsen, The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1985)

Mahon, John K. History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842. Revised edition. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1991.

McLoughlin, William G. Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

McNitt, Frank. Navajo Wars: Military Campaigns, Slave Raids, and Reprisals. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990.

Mishkin, Bernard. Rank and Warfare Among the Plains Indians. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1940.

Namias, June. White Captives: Gender and Ethnicity on the American Frontier. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.

David A. Nichols, Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1978)

Rickey, Don. Forty Miles a Day on Beans and Hay: The Enlisted Soldier Fighting the Indian Wars. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

Rogin, Michael Paul. Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1995 [1975].

Don Schellie, Vast Domain of Blood: The Story of the Camp Grant Massacre (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1968).

Duane Schultz, Month of the Freezing Moon: The Sand Creek Massacre, November 1864.

______. Over the Earth I Come: The Great Sioux Uprising of 1862 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.

Secoy, Frank Raymond. Changing Military Patterns of the Great Plains Indians. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1953.

Sheehan, Bernard W. Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian. New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1973.

Smith, Sherry L., The View from Officer's Row: Army Perceptions of Western Indians. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990.

David Svaldi, Sand Creek and the Rhetoric of Extermination: A Case Study in Indian-White Relations (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1989)

Utley, Robert M., Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1890. New York: MacMillan, 1973.

______. Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865. New York: MacMillan, 1967.

______. The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846-1890. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.

Ware, Eugene F. The Indian War of 1864. Lincoln, Neb., and London: Bison Books, 1994 [1911]

Wallace, Anthony F. C. Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Lonnie J. White, AFrom Bloodless to Bloody: The Third Colorado Cavalry and the Sand Creek Massacre,@Journal of the West, vol. 6, no. 3 (October 1967), 535-581

White, Richard. "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Journal of American History, vol. 65, no. 2 (September 1978), 319-343.

Wooster, Robert. The Military and United States Indian Policy, 1865-1903. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988.

The African American Military and Paramilitary Experience (including the Slave Trade)

Berlin, Ira D. Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2003.

______. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in the United States. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1998.

______. “Who Freed the Slaves? Emancipation and Its Meaning,” in David W. Blight and Brooks D. Simpson (eds.), Union and Emancipation: Essays on Politics and Race in the Civil War Era (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 105-122.

Berlin, Ira D., et al. Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Berwanger, Eugene H. The Frontier Against Slavery: Western Anti-Negro Prejudice and the Slavery Extension Controversy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967.

Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (1956; rpt. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987)

Cimprich, John, and Robert C. Manfort, Jr. "The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note." Journal of American History, vol. 76 (1989-1990), pp. 830-837.

______. "Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence About an Old Controversy." Civil War History, vol. 28, no. 4 (December 1982).

Cornish, Dudley Taylor. The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987 [1956].

LaWanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985),

Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001.

Dillon, Merton L. Slavery Attacked: Southern Slaves and Their Allies, 1619-1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.

Robert F. Durden, The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972),

Frey, Sylvia R., Water From the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Gerteis, Louis S. From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy Toward Southern Blacks, 1861-1865. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973.

Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. New York: Free Press, 1990.

Sally E. Hadden, Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).

Grimstead, David. American Mobbing, 1828-1861: Toward Civil War. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

James G. Hollandsworth, Jr., The Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War (Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1995)

Ervin Jordan, Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995).