Quick-Change Artists: Male Plastic Behavioural Responses to Rivals

Supplementary Material

Quick-change artists: Male plastic behavioural responses to rivals

Amanda Bretman, Matthew J.G. Gage and Tracey Chapman

School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

Corresponding author: Bretman, A.()

Table S1. Male plastic behavioural responses to rivals

When plastic/ species: Examples are grouped by when males exhibit plasticity (pre, during or post copulation or a combination of these). Direction: Behaviour is increased (+) or decreased (-) in expression in response to increased exposure to rivals. Flexibility: Whether there was an explicit test for flexibility in individual behaviour, that is whether individuals were tested after both exposure and no exposure to rivals (yes, Y or no, N). When manipulated: When the proximate cue (e.g. sex ratio) was manipulated experimentally, either before or during the focal copulation, or a combination (both). Reciprocal designs are highlighted in bold text.

Supplementary references

S1.Verrell, P.A. and Krenz, J.D. (1998) Competition for mates in the mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum: Tactics that may maximize male mating success. Behaviour 135, 121-138

S2.Mills, S.C. and Reynolds, J.D. (2003) Operational sex ratio and alternative reproductive behaviours in the European bitterling Rhodeus sericeus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 54, 98-104

S3.Shine, R. et al. (2003) The opportunistic serpent: male garter snakes adjust courtship tactics to mating opportunities. Behaviour 140, 1509-1526

S4.Lodé, T. et al. (2004) Sex-biased predation by polecats influences the mating system of frogs. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, S399-S401

S5.Spence, R. and Smith, C. (2005) Male territoriality mediates density and sex ratio effects on oviposition in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Anim. Behav. 69, 1317-1323

S6.Lyons, C. and Barnard, C.J. (2006) A learned response to sperm competition in the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (de Geer). Anim. Behav. 72, 673-680

S7.Klug, H. et al. (2008) Operational sex ratio affects nest tending and aggression in male flagfish Jordanella floridae Goode & Bean. J. Fish Biol. 72, 1295-1305

S8.Aragón, P. (2009) Conspecific male chemical cues influence courtship behaviour in the male newt Lissotriton boscai. Behaviour 146, 1137-1151

S9.De Jong, K. et al. (2009) Do operational sex ratio and density affect mating behaviour? An experiment on the two-spotted goby. Anim. Behav. 78, 1229-1238

S10.Dzieweczynski, T.L. et al. (2009) Male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, increase rather than conceal courtship behavior when a rival is present. Ethology 115, 186-195

S11.Bailey, N. et al. (2010) Acoustic experience shapes alternative mating tactics and reproductive investment in male field crickets. Curr. Biol. 20, 1-5

S12.Casalini, M. et al. (2010) The effect of crowding on male mating behaviour in the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus). Behaviour 147, 1035-1050

S13.Clark, L. and Grant, J.W.A. (2010) Intrasexual competition and courtship in female and male Japenese medaka, Oryzias latipes: effects of operational sex ratio and density. Anim. Behav. 80, 707-712

S14.Silva, K. et al. (2010) Reversing sex role reversal: compete only when you must. Anim. Behav. 79, 885-893

S15.Enders, M.M. (1993) The effect of male size and operational sex ratio on male mating success in the common spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Anim. Behav. 46, 835-846

S16.Iribarne, O. et al. (1995) Precopulatory guarding-time of the male amphipod Eogammarus oclairi: effect of population structure. Mar. Biol. 124, 219-223

S17.Takeshita, F. and Henmi, Y. (2010) The effects of body size, ownership and sex-ratio on the precopulatory mate guarding of Caprella penantis (Crustacea: Amphipoda). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK 90, 275-279

S18.Takeshita, F. et al. (2011) Increased guarding duration reduces growth and offspring number in females of the skeleton shrimp Caprella penantis. Anim. Behav. 81, 661-666

S19.Jivoff, P. (1997) The relative roles of predation and sperm competition on the duration of post-copulatory association between the sexes in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 40, 175-185

S20.Jivoff, P. and Hines, A.H. (1998) Effect of female molt stage and sex ratio on courtship behavior of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Mar. Biol. 131, 533-542

S21.Currie, D. and Valkama, J. (2000) Population density and the intensity of paternity assurance behaviour in a monogamous wader: the Numenius arquata. Ibis 142, 372-381

S22.Jirotkul, M. (1999) Population density influences male-male competition in guppies. Anim. Behav. 58, 1169-1175

S23.Evans, J.P. and Magurran, A.E. (1999) Male mating behaviour and sperm production characteristics under varying sperm competition risk in guppies. Anim. Behav. 58, 1001-1006

S24.Mariette, M.M. et al. (2010) The effects of familiarity and group size on mating preferences in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. J. Evol. Biol. 23, 1772-1782

S25.Fuller, R.C. (1998) Sperm competition affects male behaviour and sperm output in the rainbow darter. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 2365-2371

S26.Galeotti, P. et al. (2009) Presence of rivals reduces mating probability but does not affect ejaculate size in the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius italicus. Behaviour 146, 45-68

S27.Hoi, H. et al. (2011) The effect of breeding density and male quality on paternity-assurance behaviours in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. J. Ethol. 29, 31-38

S28.Elgar, M.A. et al. (2003) Male copulation and the risk of sperm competition. Anim. Behav. 66, 211-216

S29.Clark, S.J. (1988) The effects of operational sex ratio and food deprivation on copulation duration in the water strider (Gerris regimis Say). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23, 317-322

S30.Sillén-Tullberg, B. (1981) Prolonged copulation: a male "postcopulatory" strategy in a promiscuous species, Lygaeus equestris(Heteroptera: Lygaenidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 9, 283-289

S31.Arnqvist, G. (1992) The effects of operational sex ratio on the relative mating success of extreme male phenotypes in the water strider Gerris odontogaster (Zett.) (Heteroptera;Gerridae). Anim. Behav. 43, 681-683

S32.Alonso-Pimentel, H. and Papaj, D.R. (1996) Operational sex ratio versus gender density as determinants of copulation duration in the walnut fly, Rhagoletis juglandis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 39, 171-180

S33.Schöfl, G. and Taborsky, M. (2002) Prolonged tandem formation in firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus) serves mate-guarding. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52, 426-433

S34.Garciá-González, F. and Gomendio, M. (2004) Adjustment of copula duration and ejaulate size according to the risk of sperm competition in the golden egg bug (Phyllomorpha laciniata). Behav. Ecol. 15, 23-30

S35.Prokop, P. and Václav, R. (2005) Males respond to the risk of sperm competition in the sexually cannibalistic praying mantis, Mantis religiosa. Ethology 111, 836-848

S36.Preston, B.T. and Stockley, P. (2006) The prospect of sexual competition stimulates premature and repeated ejaculation in a mammal. Curr. Biol. 16, 239-241

S37.Wang, Q. et al. (2008) Function of prolonged copulation in the Nysius huttoni White (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) under male-biased sex ratio and high population density. J. Insect Behav. 21, 89-99

S38.Sakaluk, S.K. and Muller, J.K. (2008) Risk of sperm competition mediates copulation duration, but not paternity, of male burying beetles. J. Insect Behav. 21, 153-163

S39.Bretman, A. et al. (2009) Plastic responses of male Drosophila melanogaster to the level of sperm competition increase male reproductive fitness. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 276, 1705-1711

S40.Mazzi, D. et al. (2009) Sexual conflict over the duration of copulation in Drosophila montana: why is longer better? BMC Evol. Biol. 9, 132

S41.Muse, W.A. and Ono, T. (1996) Copulatory behavior and post-copulatory mate guarding in a grasshopper Atractomorpha lata Motschulsky (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) under laboratory conditions. App. Entomol. Zool. 31, 233-241

S42.Radwan, J. and SivaJothy, M.T. (1996) The function of post-insemination mate association in the bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini. Anim. Behav. 52, 651-657

S43.Jablonski, P. and Vepsalainen, K. (1995) Conflict between sexes in the water strider Gerris lacustris: A test of two hypotheses for male guarding behavior. Behav. Ecol. 6, 388-392

S44.Carazo, P. et al. (2007) Chemosensory assessment of sperm competition levels and the evolution of internal spermatophore guarding. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 274, 261-267

S45.Vitta, A.C.R. and Lorenzo, M.G. (2009) Copulation and mate guarding behavior in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). J. Med. Entomol. 46, 789-795

S46.van den Brink, A.M. and McLay, C.L. (2010) Competing for last place: Mating behaviour in a pill-box crab, Halicarcinus cookii (Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae). Zool. Anz. 249, 21-32

S47.Sherman, K.J. (1983) The adaptive significance of postcopulatory mate guarding in a dragonfly, Pachydiplax longipennis. Anim. Behav. 31, 1107-1115

S48.McMillan, V.E. (1991) Variable mate-guarding behaviour in the dragonfly Plathemis lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae). Anim. Behav. 41, 979-981

S49.Shivashankar, T. and Pearson, D.L. (1994) A comparison of mate guarding among five syntopic beetle species from peninsular India (Coloeptera: Cicindelidae). Biotropica 26, 436-442

S50.Carroll, S.P. and Corneli, P. (1995) Divergence in male mating tactics between two populations of the soapberry bug: II. Genetic change and the evolution of a plastic reaction norm in a variable social environment. Behav. Ecol. 6, 46-56

S51.Facundo, H.T. et al. (1999) Emergence, mating and postmating behaviors of the Oriental beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J. Insect Behav. 12, 175-192

S52.Saeki, Y. et al. (2005) The social environment affects mate guarding behavior in Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica. J. Insect Sci. 5, 18

S53.Knox, T.T. and Scott, M.P. (2006) Size, operational sex ratio, and mate-guarding success of the carrion beetle, Necrophila americana. Behav. Ecol. 17, 88-96

S54.Latty, T. (2006) Flexible mate guarding tactics in the dragonfly Sympelrum internum (Odonata: Libellulidae). J. Insect Behav. 19, 469-477