ANSWER SHEET

QUESTION 1

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QUESTION 2

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QUESTION 1 (25 POINTS): CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER

1) The ability to cause disease (it is used when comparing two strain of the same species)

  1. Virulence
  2. Pathogenicity

2) Complement activation that is mediated by antibodies

  1. Classical pathway
  2. Alternative pathway
  3. Lectin pathway

3) The process in which the viral genome is released from the virus capsid

  1. Budding
  2. Attachment
  3. Uncoating
  4. Release

4) Ability of adaptive immune system to “not” react to self

  1. Neutralization
  2. Opsonization
  3. Tolerance
  4. Homeostasis

5) The diffusion of water across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration

  1. Osmosis
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport

6) Antibodies that block the entry of microbe into host cells

  1. Monoclonal Antibodies
  2. Precipitating antibodies
  3. Agglutinating antibodies
  4. Neutralizing antibodies

7) The chemical being used inhibits or kills the intended pathogen without seriously harming the host

  1. Selective toxicity
  2. Broad toxicity
  3. Narrow toxicity

8) HIV stands for

  1. Human Inflammatory Virus
  2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  3. Horse Immunodeficiency Virus
  4. Hidden Infectious Virus

9) Natural Killer cells

  1. Kill normal cells with high levels of membrane MHC Class I
  2. Recognize virus-infected cells that display low amount of membrane MHC Class I
  3. Secrete the complement to lyse virus-infected cells
  4. None of the above

10) A curved, coma-shaped bacterium

  1. Vibrio
  2. Spirillum
  3. Spirochete

11) Most viruses with an RNA genome replicate and assemble in the

  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm

12) The process in which the viral capsid is assembled around the viral genome

  1. Virus release
  2. Virus assembly
  3. Virus endocytosis

13) Molecules unique to microorganisms that are not associated with human cells

  1. PPRs
  2. PAMPs
  3. Cytokines

14) Viruses that infect only bacteria

  1. Mycophages
  2. Bacteriophages
  3. Retroviruses

15) The primary PAMP in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that induces the production of inflammatory cytokines

  1. teichoic acids
  2. Lipopolysaccharides
  3. Lipoteichoic acid
  4. Porin

16) Complement activation can result in

  1. Inflammation
  2. Cytolysis
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. All of the above

17) Bacilli arranged in chains

  1. Staphylobacilli
  2. Staphylococci
  3. Streptococci
  4. Streptobacilli

18) Most of … … … … … are released by host cell lysis

  1. Enveloped viruses
  2. Retroviruses
  3. Naked viruses
  4. RNA viruses

19) A process in which the body's immune defenses mistakenly attack the body cells

  1. Self-defense
  2. Infectious disease
  3. Auto-immunity
  4. Tolerance

20) The nuclear body is not bounded by a nuclear membrane; the ribosomes are composed of a 50S and a 30S subunit; internal membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria , endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus , and vacuoles are absent

  1. Eukaryotic cells
  2. Prokaryotic cells

21) Cytokines that interfere with virus replication

  1. Transferrins
  2. Interferons
  3. Complement
  4. Antibodies

22) Molecules on or in host cells that are able to recognize or bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns in order to induce innate immunity

  1. PPR
  2. PAMPs
  3. Cytokines

23) The protein shell surrounding the viral genome that is usually composed of protein subunits called capsomeres

  1. Envelope
  2. Capsid
  3. Cell wall
  4. Capsule

24) An antibiotic that generally works against just gram-positives, gram-negatives, or only a few bacteria

  1. Broad-pectrum
  2. Narrow-spectrum

25) The ability of bacteria to sense their own population density, communicate with each other by way of secreted factors, and behave as a population rather than as individual bacteria

  1. Community service
  2. Quorum-sensing
  3. Mass density

26) Iron chelators that are produced by liver cells and inhibit bacterial growth

  1. Interferons
  2. Complement
  3. Defensins
  4. None of the above

27) A bacterial cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan, and an outer membrane or envelope containing large amounts of glycolipids, especially mycolic acids

  1. Gram-negative bacteria
  2. Gram-positive bacteria
  3. Acid-fast bacteria

28) When the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's DNA

  1. Translation
  2. Transcription
  3. Integration
  4. Replication

29) A bacterial toxin that interacts with exceedingly large numbers of T4-lymphocytes leading to excessive cytokine production

  1. Exotoxin
  2. Endotoxin
  3. Superantigen
  4. Supertoxin

30) Any foreign substance that provoke adaptive immune response

  1. Food
  2. Antigen
  3. Epitope
  4. Genome

31) Virus infected cells are susceptible to NK recognition because

  1. They display viral antigens on the surface
  2. They display more PAMPs
  3. They are Gram-negative
  4. None of the above

32) Fever-causing substances

  1. Pyrogens
  2. Epitopes
  3. Hypothalamus

33) All of the following are innate immune defenses except

  1. Antibodies
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Interferons
  4. Complement

34) Which pair of cells represents granulocytes?

  1. Basophils and lymphocytes
  2. Neutrophils and dendritic cells
  3. Neutrophils and eosinophils
  4. Eosinophils and monocytes

35) The stomach is a chemical barrier to infection because the stomach

  1. Contains bile
  2. Possesses defensive cells
  3. Has acid pH
  4. Contains microbiota

36) Opsonization is the attachment of certain proteins to microbes, increasing the attachment of pathogen to phagocytes

  1. True
  2. False

37) Abiliy of adaptive immune system to recall antigen exposure

  1. Specificity
  2. Memory
  3. Affinity

38) Adaptive immunity involves protein receptors on B and T cells that recognize discrete regions of the antigen called

  1. Haptens
  2. Epitopes
  3. Antibodies
  4. Protein receptors

39) Antibodies contain two identical … … … chains, and two identical … … … chains

  1. Left, right
  2. Constant, variable
  3. Heavy, light
  4. Fab, Fc

40) Which of the following is NOT a lymphocyte?

  1. B cells
  2. T cells
  3. NK cells
  4. Basophils

41) Which of the following is a retrovirus?

  1. Influenza
  2. HIV
  3. HBV
  4. HCV

42) Innate immunity is also called specific immunity

  1. True
  2. False

43) Virus infected cells produce a set of cytokine proteins called … … … … … that "alert" surrounding cells to the viral threat

  1. Interferons
  2. Toll-like receptors
  3. Complement
  4. Granzymes

44) Which of the following is NOT part of inflammation?

  1. Redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Pain
  4. Coughing

45) The genome of a virus may contain either … … … … … or … … … … …

  1. DNA, protein
  2. Protein, carbohydrate
  3. Carbohydrate, RNA
  4. RNA, DNA

46) Interferons are a group of antibodies produced by T cells and dendritic cells

  1. True
  2. False

47) Bacteria may acquire drug resistances from the acquisition of

  1. F plasmid
  2. N plasmid
  3. R plasmid
  4. S Factor

48) Which of the following is a cellular component in the innate defense system?

  1. Macrophages
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Lymphocyes
  4. Platelets

49) Antibiotics will not work against … … … diseases because they lack the structures and metabolic machinery with which antibiotics interfere

  1. Viral
  2. Bacterial
  3. Fungal
  4. Protozoan

50) Adaptive immunity consists of humoral immunity maintained by … … … and cell-mediated immunity controlled by … … ….

  1. B cells, T cells
  2. T cells, B cells
  3. T cells, NK cells
  4. B cells, NK cells

QUESTION 2 (10 POINTS): Match

1 / Mycolic acid / A / Type I toxins
2 / Antibody / B / multiple antibiotic resistance
3 / transferrin / C / Shaft with adhesive tip
4 / Retroviruses / D / Many-sided capsid
5 / Synthetic drugs / E / Gram-negative bacteria
6 / Positive sense genome / F / Entry by fusion
7 / Motile Bacteria / G / Iron chelator
8 / R Plasmid / H / Bacterial viruses
9 / Neutralization / I / Toll-like receptors
10 / Superantigens / J / Acid fast bacteria
11 / Opsonins / K / Fever
12 / LPS / L / Chemically produced chemicals
13 / Polyhedral / M / immunoglobulin
14 / Bacteriophages / N / Antibiotic-resistant floras
15 / Pyrogens / O / mRNA genome
16 / Enveloped viruses / P / Macrophages and neutrophils
17 / Pilus / Q / Swim through mucus
18 / Phagocytosis / R / Antibodies and complement
19 / Indirect selection / S / Reverse transcription
20 / Pathogen pattern receptors / T / Blocking infection

QUESTION 3 (10 POINTS): Answer ONLY four questions

  1. What do know about Type III secretion system?

A type III secretion system is one in which the bacterium produces pore-forming proteins that create a pore spanning not only the bacterium's cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane, but also the plasma membrane of the host cell. This allows the bacterium to deliver proteins directly from its cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of the host cell.

  1. How do antimicrobial agents affect bacteria?

1. Inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan causing osmotic lysis.

2. Alter cytoplasmic membrane causing cellular leakage

3. Alter bacterial ribosomes, blocking translation and causing faulty protein synthesis

4. Inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis

5. Multiple Action: blocks aerobic energy production and synthesis of proteins, DNA, RNA, and cell walls

6. Antituberculosis drugs

  1. What do you know about direct and indirect selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

The spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is due to both direct selection and indirect selection. Direct selection refers to the selection of antibiotic resistant pathogens at the site of infection. Indirect selection is the selection of antibiotic-resistant normal flora within an individual anytime an antibiotic is given.

  1. What are the steps of phagocytosis?
  • Opsonization: Coating of the microorganism with certain serum proteins (opsonins) to enhance attachment to phagocytes. Antibodies and complements are opsonins.
  • Attachment: Phagocytes recognize microorganism by receptors such as Fc receptors, complement receptors, scavenger receptors, and TLR receptors.
  • Ingestion: Phagocytes engulf the microorganism by cellular projections, called pseudopods, followed by internalization to form “phagosome”.
  • Digestion: Lysosomes or granules fuse with phagosome forming “phagolysosome”. Microorganism is digested by lysosomal enzymes and toxic oxygen products.
  • Discharge: Phagocytes discard the waste “indigestible” materials ending the infection.
  1. Draw and label antibody structure

  1. What is reverse transcription?

RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA.)

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