Quantitative Units of Measurement

distancecentimeters / 2.54 =inches

meters/.3048=feet

kilometers/1.609=miles

speedmeters/sec./.447=miles/hour

meters/min/26.8=miles/hour

masskilogramsX2.205=pounds

force Newtons/4.448=pounds

workjoules/1.355=foot pounds

powerwatts/745.63=horespower

wattsX .0143=kcal/min

watts/69.78=kcal/min

torquenewton-meters/1.355=foot pounds

Biomechanical Terms and Movements about the body

flexion

extension

pronation

supination

plantarflexion

dorsiflexion

abduction

adduction

hyperextension

hyperflexion

retraction

protraction

ulnar flexion (adduction)

radial flexion (abduction)

medial

lateral

medial rotation

lateral rotation

depression

elevation

inversion

eversion

circumduction

horizontal adduction

horizontal abduction

anterior

posterior

dorsal

ventral

proximal

distal

translation

opposition

varus

valgus

prone

supine

contralateral

ipsilateral

caudal

cephalic

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE SHOULDER

Muscle / Origin / Insertion / Action
Biceps Brachi / supraglenoid tubercle, corocoid process / radial tuberosity
Coracobrachialis / scapula (coracoid process) / medial humerus / horiz. flexion
Deltoid / lateral 3rd of clavicle acromion process, scapula / deltoid tubercle (humerus)
Infraspinatus / infraspinous fossa (scapula) / greater tubercle (humerus)
Latissmus Dorsi / spinous process thoracic and lumbar vert. 3-4 ribs, iliac crest, scapula / humerus
Levator scapula / cervical vert 1-4 / scapula / shoulder elevation
Pectoralis Major / clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6 / greater tubercle
Pectoralis Minor / ribs 3-5 / corocoid process
Rhomboid / C7, T1-T5 / scapula / retraction, elevation
Serratus Anterior / ribs 1-8 / scapula
Subclavius / costal cartilage of rib 1 / clavicle / depression
Subscapularis / scapula / lesser tubercleon humerus
Supraspinatus / fossa of scapula / lesser tubercle / abduction, arm flexion
Teres major / scapula / lesser tubercle
Teres minor / scapula / greater tubercle
Trapezius / occipital bone, C7, T1-12 / acromion process
scapula, lateral clavicle

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE FOREARM

Muscle / Origin / Insertion / Action
Anconeus / lateral epicondyle / olecranon process
of ulna / extension
Biceps Brachii / supraglenoid tubercle
corocoid process / radial tuberosity
Brachialis / anterior surface of lower humerus / coronoid process of ulna / flexion
Brachioradialis / lateral ridge of humerus / styloid process of radius / flexion
Extensor Carpi Brevis / lateral epicondyle / 3rd metacarpal / flexion
Extensor Carpi Long. / lateral humerus / 2nd metacarpal / flexion
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris / lateral epicondyle / 5th metacarpal / extension
Pronator Quadratus / anterior surface of ulna / anterior radius / pronation, flexion
Supinator / lateral epicondyle / lateral upper radius / supination
Triceps brachi / glenoid tubercle on scapula, humerus shaft / olecranon process

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE HIP JOINT

Muscle / Origin / Insertion / Action
Adductor Brevis / inferior rami of pelvis / poster. femur / thigh adduction
Adductor Longus / inferior rami of pelvis / poster. femur(middle 1/3) / thigh adduction, internal rotation
Adductor Magnus / anterior pubis,ischial tuberosity / posterior femur adductor tubercle / thigh adduction internal rotation
Biceps femoris / ischial tuberosity / lateral condyle of tib.head of fibula
Gluteus Maximus / posterior ilium, sacrumcoccyx / gluteal tuberosity, ITB
Gluteus Medius / anterior, lateral ilium / greater trochanter
Gracilis / inferior rami of pubis / medial tibia
Iliacus / inner surface of ilium & sacrum / lesser trochanter
Obturator Internus / margin of obturator foramen / greater trochanter / thigh ext. rotation
Obturator Externus / pubis, ischium, obturator foramen margin / upper, post. femur / thigh external rotation
Pectineus / pectineal line on pubis / lesser trochanter / thigh adduction & flexion
Piriformis / anterior, lateral sacrum / greater trochanter / thigh ext. rotation, thigh abduction
Psoas / transverse processes, T12-L5 / lesser trochanter
Quadratus femoris / ischial tuberosity / greater trochanter / thigh external rotation
Rectus femoris / anterior iliac spine / patella & tibial tuberosity
Sartorius / anterior, iliac spine / medial tibia
Semimembranosus / iscial tuberosity / medial condyle
Semitendinosus / ischial tuberosity / medial tibia
Tensor fascia latae / anterior iliac spine / iliotibial tract

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE KNEE JOINT

Muscle / Origin / Insertion / Action
Biceps femoris / ischial tuberosity / lateral condyle of tib. head of fibula / knee flexion & ext.
rotation
Gastrocnemius / medial and lateral condyles of femur / calcaneus
Gracilis / inferior rami of pubis / medial tibia
Popliteus / lateral condyle of femur / proximal tibia / thigh flexion, leg
extension
Rectus femoris / anterior iliac spine / patella & tibial tuberosity
Sartorius / anterior, iliac spine / medial tibia / thigh flexion and ext. rotation, leg flex and internal rotation
Semimembranosus / ischial tuberosity / medial condyle
Semitendinosus / ischial tuberosity / medial tibia
Vastus Intermedius / anterior, lateral femur / patella, tibial tuberosity
Vastus Lateralis / intertrochanteric line, linea aspera / Patella, tibial tuberosity
Vastus Medialis / linea aspera, trochanteric line / patella, tibial tuberosity

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE ANKLE AND FOOT

Muscle / Origin / Insertion / Action
Abductor Digiti
Minimi / lateral calcaneus / 5th toe / toe abduction
Abductor Hallucis / medial calcaneus / prox. phalanxof big toe / toe abduction
Adductor Hallucis / 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsal / big toe / toe adduction
Extensor digitorumbrevis / lateral calcaneus / 1st, 2nd, 3rd toe / toe extension
Extensor digitorum longus / lateral condyle of tibia & fibula, interosseous membrane / toes 2-5 / eversion, toe 2-5 extension
Extensor Hallucis
longus / anterior fibula, interosseous membrane / big toe / big toe extension forefoot adduction,
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Brevis / 5th metatarsal / little toe / little toe flexion
Flexor Digitorum
Brevis / medial clacaneus / toes 2-5 / toe 2-5 flexion
Flexor Digitorum
Longus / posterior tibia / toes 2-5 / toe 2-5 flexion, plantarflexion
Flexor Hallucis
Brevis / cuboid / big toe / big toe flexion
Flexor Hallucis
Longus / posterior fibula (lower 2/3) / big toe / big toe flexion forefoot adduction
Gastrocnemius / medial and lateral condyles of femur / calcaneus / leg flexion plantarflexion
Lumbricales / tendon of fl. dig.longus / toes 2-5 / toe 2-5 flexion
Peroneus Brevis / lower fibula / 5th metatarsal
Peroneus Longus / lateral condyle of tibiaupper fibula / 1st cuneiform,1st metatarsal
Peroneus Tertius / lower fibula, inter-osseus membrane / 5th metatarsal
Plantaris / linea aspera on femur / calcaneus
Soleus / upper, posterior tibia, fibula, interosseus membrane / calcaneus
Tibialis Anterior / upper lateral tibia, interosseus membrane / 1st cuneiform
Tibialis Posterior / upper, posterior tibia, fibula, interosseus membrane / navicular

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Muscle / Origin / Insertion / Action
External Oblique / 9-12 ribs / anterior spine, pubic
tubercle, iliac crest
Iliocostalis / sacrum, T11-L5iliac crest / 6 or 7 ribs
Iliopsoas / T12-L5, ilium, sacrum / lesser trochanter
Internal Oblique / iliac crest, lumbar fascia / ribs 8-10, linea alba
Longissimus / L1-L5, transverse processes / T1-T12, trans. Proc. / trunk ext., lateral flex.
same side rotation
Multifidus / sacrum, iliac spine, L5-C4 / spinous proceses / trunk ext., lateral flex.
opposite side rotation
Quadratus / iliac crest, L2-L5 / L1-2, last rib / trunk lateral flexion
Scalene / cervical vertebrae / ribs 1 and 2 / cervical lateral flex.
flexion
Splenius Capitis / C7, T1-T3 / mastoid process,
occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid / sternum, clavicle / mastoid process
Transverse
Abdominus / last 6 ribs, iliac crest, inguinal ligament / linea alba, pubic crest / Inc. interabdominal pressure

MUSCLES ACTING ON THE WRIST AND FINGERS

Muscle / Origin / Insertion / Action
Abductor Digiti Minimi / pisiform / little finger / finger abuction
Abductor PollicisBrevis / scaphoid, trapezium / thumb phalanx / thumb abduction
Abductor PollicisLongus / middle of radius / thumb metacarpal / thumb abduction
Adductor Pollicis / capitate, 2nd and 3rdmetacarpal / thumb phalanx / thumb adduction
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis / lateral epicondyle of humerus / 3rd metacarpal / hand extension, hand radial flexion
Extensor CarpiUlnaris / lateral epicondyle / 3rd metacarpal / hand ext. and ulnar flexion
Extensor Digiti Minimi / tendon of extensor digitorum / little finger / finger extension
Extensor Digitorum / lateral epicondyle / dorsal hood offour fingers / finger extension, hand extension
Extensor Pollicis Brevis / Middle of radius and ulna / thumb phalanx / thumb extension
Extensor Pollicis Longus / middle of ulna / thumb phalanx / thumb extension
Flexor Carpi Radialis / medial epicondyle / 2nd and 3rd
metacarpal / hand flex, hand radial flexion
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris / medial epicondyle / pisiform, hamate,
5th metacarpal / hand and ulnar flexion
Flexor Digitorum / medial epicondyle / middle phalanx of
four fingers / finger and hand flexion
Flexor PollicisBrevis / trapezium, trapezoid capitate / phalanx of thumb / thumb flexion
Flexor PollicisLongus / middle radius / phalanx of thumb / thumb flexion
Lumbricales / tendon of flexor digitorum / dorsal hood of 4 fing. / finger flex. and ext