Public Speaking – Persuasive
Notes:
1) Schedule
- A day of wrapping things up
- Heading toward the end of the semester
- Make-up speech/Achievements
- Joe Makeup
2) Attendance
3) Make up speeches
4) Persuasive Speeches
- What is the Goal of a Persuasive speech?
- To Convince
- Via proper argument
- Where might we see people trying to persuade an audience?
- Politics
- Perhaps a sales pitch? (which can also be demonstrative)
- Arguing? Always fighting?
- Trying to convince another of conclusion
- Argue sounds aggressive, but adversarial rarely works
- Typically Logical
- In math 1+1=2
- If A = true, and B = A, then B must = True!
- Where does this logic fall apart?
- Moral and Emotional Opinions/Judgments
- Abortion
- Favorite Band
- Etc.
- Doesn’t mean that grey areas are off the table
- Just be more careful
- True may only = true for some in audience
- HOW DO WE CONTRUCT AN ARGUMENT?
- Have a clearly defined premise
- PROBLEMS CAN BE:
- If someone can immediately pick a hole in premise, no good
- Evolution/transitional fossils example
- Don’t argue from false assumptions
- If there is an assumption
- Perhaps state as hypothesis
- If assumptions in premise differ
- Agree to disagree at worst
- Don’t force it/argue for desired outcome
- Watch for hidden arguments
- Close to the false assumption
- More intentional/at least subconsciously
- KEY POINT!! Have a clearly Defined Premise
- Remember C.U.R.E.
- Credibility
- Establish your expertise on the subject matter
- Use Evidence
- Back up your claims with evidence.
- Cite if possible
- Types
- Statistics
- Personal reports
- Expert Opinion
- Case studies
- Testimonials
- Eyewitnesses
- In a way its like solving a crime, and you are the investigator!
- Reasoning
- Logical.
- If audience respects your logic, you have them
- Emotions
- Don’t be afraid to get passionate
- A bit more gray area tactic,
- BUT USEFUL!
- LOGICAL FALLACIES!!
- Even if your premise is true, you can still be wrong if you don’t watch out for logical fallacies!!
- Ad Hominem
- Attacking Person instead of argument
- Ad Ignorantiam
- Argument is true bc we don’t know its not
- Argument from authority
- Expert says its true
- Expert from correct field?
- Argument from Consequences
- A will lead to B!!!
- Reverse leads
- Argument from Personal Incredulity
- “I can’t imagine this so it can’t be true”
- Confusing up Causation with Association
- Religion and Drug use in 90’s on rise
- Perhaps caused by 3rd thing? (Social Unrest?)
- Confusing Unexplained with Unexplainable
- Creation of pyramids
- Must have be paranormal!
- Just bc we can’t explain it now doesn’t mean we never will
- False Analogy
i. Government is like business, so just as business must be sensitive primarily to the bottom line, so also must government. (But the objectives of government and business are completely different, so probably they will have to meet different criteria.)
i. False Dichotomy
i. 2 sides, no gray area
j. “No true Scotsman”
i. Creates own definition that doesn’t fit true def
k. Post-hoc
i. A came before B, therefore it caused it
l. Slippery Slope
i. If A is true then the extreme will be as well!
ii. Fear based
m. Straw Man
i. Attacking random background of group
ii. Based on “biases”
iii. "Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I disagree entirely. I can't understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that."
n. Moving Goal Post
i. 2 player debate typically
ii. Person on the retreat keeps moving criteria
iii. Not even worth arguing bc they’ll just move it again
o. Tu Quoque
i. “YOU TOO!”
ii. I’m invalid, so you are too!
g. Be thinking about what you want to argue and we will discuss next week.
i. If having trouble, don’t be afraid to Google ideas
5) Persuasive speeches start Monday after next
a. Random Draw
6) Hall of Shame
a. Sham Wow Guy
b. For E.C. list examples of Logical Fallacies in this video
c. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwRISkyV_B8