PRACTICE QUESTIONS - TEST #2 - Revised

Psy 101 HONORS

DON’T FORGET TO GO OVER THE MATERIAL FROM TEST #1.

  1. Agatha is nervous. Choose 5 main concepts from the assigned material on classical conditioning* and give an example of each, using Agatha and her anxiety. (5 points)

(*For example, “the nervous system” or “stimulus generalization”.)

  1. Define Operant Conditioning, define Cognitive Social Learning Theory, and then give examples showing why Randy yells a lot accordingto each theory. (4 points) (Be careful to make 4 different points.)
  1. Classical Conditioning conditions behaviors that are produced by the
  2. Autonomic Nervous System. b. Somatic Nervous System.
  1. Classical Conditioning conditions
  2. emotions and voluntary observable actions.
  3. emotions and physiological responses.
  4. physiological responses and voluntary observable actions.
  1. Watson is famous for
  2. measuring how much animals salivate when fed.
  3. training animals to salivate.
  4. training animals to salivate to something new.
  5. teaching a child to feel fear to something new.
  1. The main point of classical conditioning is that we can
  2. learn to have an involuntary response our body didn’t have before.
  3. learn to have an involuntary response to a new stimulus
  4. learn to have a voluntary response our body didn’t have before.
  1. The Somatic Nervous System is conditioned by
  2. Operant Conditioning. b. Classical Conditioning.
  1. Operant conditioning conditions the
  2. Autonomic nervous system. b. Somatic nervous system.
  1. If mom feels angry when Randy yells, mom’s anger was conditioned through a. Operant Conditioning. b. Classical Conditioning.
  1. Behavior always is considered “voluntary” if it is produced by the
  2. Autonomic Nervous System. b. Somatic Nervous System.

For questions 10-17, use the following answers:
a. / Operant Conditioning b. Classical Conditioning.
  1. Julie goes dancing because she loves to dance. Going dancing is explained by ______.
  2. Julie enjoys the atmosphere in a club because she associated it with dancing. Enjoying the atmosphere is explained by ______.
  3. If Mr. Redneck feels prejudiced feelings against Martians, these feelings are acquired through ______.
  4. If Mr. Redneck feels loving feelings towards Martians, these loving feelings are acquired through ______.
  5. If Mr. Redneck says he hates Martians, his words are controlled by ______.
  6. You don’t care if your son enjoys washing the dishes; you just want him to do it. Which conditioning would be used to get him to wash the dishes?
  7. Your new sweetheart loves to dance, but you don’t particularly enjoy it. If you want to learn to love dancing, you would use ______.
  1. The main point of operant conditioning is that we can
  2. learn to have a new involuntary behavior.
  3. learn to have a voluntary observable action that we did not have before.
  4. learn that our voluntary actions bring consequences.
  1. Who is famous for Operant Conditioning?
  2. Skinner and Pavlov b. Skinner and Thorndike

c. Skinner and Watson d. Watson and Thorndike

  1. Agatha avoids her ex-boyfriend because he was verbally abusive towards her. Now, though, she avoids other men who look like him. Her avoidance of other men is explained by
  2. Stimulus Generalization, operant conditioning.
  3. Stimulus Generalization, classical conditioning.
  4. Stimulus discrimination, operant conditioning.
  5. Stimulus discrimination, classical conditioning.
  1. Agatha avoids her ex-boyfriend because he was verbally abusive towards her, but she doesn’t avoid men in her support group who are not abusive towards her. Her different responses to the two types of men is called
  2. Stimulus Generalization, operant conditioning.
  3. Stimulus Generalization, classical conditioning.
  4. Stimulus discrimination, operant conditioning.
  5. Stimulus discrimination, classical conditioning.
  1. Agatha is afraid of her ex-boyfriend but not afraid of other men. Her lack of fear of other men is an example of
  2. Stimulus Generalization, operant conditioning.
  3. Stimulus Generalization, classical conditioning.
  4. Stimulus discrimination, operant conditioning.
  5. Stimulus discrimination, classical conditioning.
  1. Which of the following would be an example of “extinction” in Operant Conditioning?
  2. You yell at Randy every time he yells.
  3. We no longer give “the salivating dog” meat powder when the bell is rung.
  4. We take away whatever Randy was getting that was motivating him to yell.
  1. You take your 5-year old son, Junior, to the grocery store. He wants candy at the check out line. You say no. He starts to cry and yell. You say no, and that’s that. But next time, the two of you go through the whole routine again, but this time you give in. This continues over time, but you aren’t predictable. Sometimes, you say yes and sometimes your say no. You are
  2. reinforcing him on a continuous and fixed schedule of reinforcement.
  3. reinforcing him on an intermittent and variable schedule of reinforcement.
  4. If you are studying for your psychology class, the quickest way to put the material into permanent memory is to
  5. use maintenance rehearsal.
  6. connect new information to something we know about ourselves.
  1. Two sheriffs are investigating a robbery and interviewing the witnesses. Sherriff Ortiz says to her witnesses, “Tell me what happened when the robber shoved the cashier.” Sherriff Dominguez says, “Tell me what happened when the suspect pushed the cashier.” Based on research covered in the textbook, we would expect the two different ways of wording the question to

a. have little, if any, effect on what the witnesses say or remember.

b. influence what each witness says.

c. influence what each witness remembers.

d. b and c are both correct.

RESEARCH

Use the following scenario for questions #5 through #7.

In one (true) study, heart attack patients were placed into two groups. This was done by picking names out of a hat. Group A then received relaxation training, and Group B did not. Results showed that those who relaxed had fewer future heart attacks. The researchers concluded that relaxation training seems to cause a reduction in heart attacks.

  1. Random Selection was used. a. Yes. b. It doesn’t seem like it.
  1. The independent variable was “Number of heart attacks.”

a. True b. False; there was no independent variable

c. False; it was “Type of treatment.”

  1. Scientifically speaking, the researchers (in the above study) were

a. perfectly justified in making the cause & effect conclusion.

b. inappropriate when making the cause & effect conclusion.

  1. According to the text, we must eliminate confounds in ______studies.

A experimental. B. correlational C. observational

  1. I randomly choose 100 people who had received sensitive care as children and 100 people who did not. I compare them, and find that those who did not are a less happy. In this study, I used a. random selection. b. random assignment
  1. I randomly choose 100 people who had received sensitive care as children and 100 people who did not. I compare them, and find that those who did not are a less happy. Can I conclude that the lack of sensitive care caused the unhappiness?

a. Yes, random selection was used on the independent variable.

b. Yes, random assignment was used on the independent variable.

c. No; this was not an experiment.

  1. In the above study,

a. the independent variable was happiness.

b. the dependent variable was amount of sensitive care.

c. there was no independent variable since nothing was done to half the subjects.

d. A and B both are correct.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  1. Dopamine seems to be related to
  2. hallucinations. b. addiction. c. a and b both are correct

.

  1. Dopamine seems to be related to

a. the high that comes from marijuana. b. the good feeling that comes from chocolate.

c. a and b both are correct. d. addiction.

  1. Dopamine seems to be involved in

a. addiction to drugs. b. gambling addiction. c. love addiction.

d. sex addiction. e. all of the above.

  1. Low levels of Serotonin
  2. are responsible for feelings of infatuation.
  3. are associated with depression.
  4. cause us to feel a natural high, such as the one we can get when we run for long distances.
  1. Which of the following seems to be associated with an increase in Serotonin?
  2. repetitive muscle movements (like riding a bicycle).
  3. eating bananas or red meat.
  4. sunlight.
  5. a, b and c are all correct.
  1. Prozac increases the availability of ______in the brain.
  2. dopamine b. enkephalons c. norepinephrine d. serotonin
  1. Anandamide

a. is involved with the high we get from marijuana.

b. produces a very brief high when we eat chocolate.

c. both a and b are correct.

  1. Neurons release chemicals called
  2. hormones. b. neurotransmitters.
  1. The part of the neuron that keeps it alive is the
  2. axon. b. soma. c. axon button. d. dendrite.
  1. The part of neuron that has a nerve impulse is the
  2. axon. b. soma. c. axon button. d. dendrite.

For questions 20-24, use the following answers:
a. / Your brain / c. / Your Somatic Nervous System
b. / Your Peripheral Nervous System / d. / Your Autonomic Nervous System
  1. Which part of your nervous system thinks?
  2. Which part of your nervous system salivates?
  3. Which part of your nervous system ”remembers?
  4. Which part of your nervous system “processes information”?
  5. Which part of your nervous system fantasizes?

For questions 25-28, use the following answers:
a. / Autonomic Nervous System
b. / Somatic Nervous System
  1. Which part of your nervous system most directly allows your arm to swing a baseball bat?
  2. Which part of your nervous system most directly speeds up your heart?
  3. Which part of your nervous system most directly clenches your fist when you are angry?
  4. Which part of your nervous system causes you to sweat?

EMOTIONS

For questions 29-35, use the following answers:
a. / Voluntary Observable Actions / c. / Cognition
b. / Emotions / d. / Physiological Responses
  1. Another word for “mood” is ______.
  2. The somatic nervous system produces ______.
  3. The brain, all by itself, produces ______.
  4. The autonomic nervous system produces ______.
  5. Another word for “mental response” is ______.
  6. Worrying is an example of ______.
  7. To have an emotion, you need to have cognitions and ______.
  1. Who is famous for saying that the way we look at events will influence which emotions we have?
  2. Freud b. Lazarus c. Maslow d. Cannon/Bard e. James/Lange
  1. Ricardo tends to look at the problems as a puzzle to solve. Omar looks at problems as a potential threat. Both men get laid off work. Lazarus would say that
  2. Ricardo will feel less upset than Omar will.
  3. They will feel equally upset.
  1. Lazarus’ main point in his cognitive theory of how emotions are produced is
  2. we can change our emotions by getting rid of our physiological symptoms.
  3. the way we look at an event can lead us to experience an emotion.
  4. our emotions cause us to have physiological symptoms.
  5. different emotions cause different cognitive responses.
  1. Emotions are also called

a. feelings because they are intuitive. b. cognition.

c. feelings because we feel a physiological change.

  1. Susie’s boss tells hershe’s a stupid idiot. Susie feels angry when this happens. According to many cognitive psychologists,

a. Susie’sboss and his actions produced her hurt feelings.

b. Susie caused herself to feel hurt.

  1. Uh oh. Your neighbor parks in your parking space, again! You’re angry, but you don’t want to be. According to cognitive theories of emotions,

a. you should be angry; anyone would be upset about this kind of situation.

b. you should take deep breaths; this will help you relax.

c. you could remind yourself “it’s only a parking space.”

  1. Lucetta is feeling sad because her classmates tease her. What advice might Lazarusgive her? (Remember to base your answer on Lazarus’ ideas).

a. Maybe you could reduce your sadness by learning to see teasing is a playful thing.

b. Take deep breathes to calm down your parasympathetic nervous system.

c. Take deep breathes to calm down your sympathetic nervous system.

  1. Many researchers have asked people from across the planet to identify the emotions felt by people in photographs. According to the textbook, this research shows that cultures are very different in how they express basic emotions. A. True B. False
  1. Who says that several different emotions seem to be associated with different amounts of physiological changes? A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard.
  1. Does current research show that different emotions show differences in physiological changes? a. Of course not. b. Yep.
  1. If I take a deep, relaxed breath when I’m trying to calm down after feeling angry, I probably would be more relaxed. This is because

a. the deep breathing done by the somatic nervous system activated theparasympathetic

nervous system.

b. the deep breathing done by the sympathetic nervous system activated the

parasympathetic nervous system.

c. the deep breathing done by the parasympathetic nervous system then activated the

sympathetic nervous system.

  1. If I’m feeling angry, why would that be?

a. Because I’ve activated my somatic nervous system.

b. Because I believe someone did something that shouldn’t be done.

c. Because someone did something that shouldn’t be done.

  1. Using your lecture notes as a guide, make up an example of how our interpretations and appraisals (the value we see in the situation) can lead us to have the emotion, “frightened.” Then give examples that show three different ways to change the fright. Each example should make a different point from lecture. (5 points)

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

  1. Seligman thinks/thought that depression might result from

a. the left and right brain hemispheres not being connected by the corpus callosum.

b. too much serotonin.

c. too little serotonin.

d. believing you’re in a bad situation and can’t do anything about it.

  1. The most complete definition of “sensitive care” (sensitive parenting) is
  2. holding a baby tenderly.
  3. knowing when to begin and end a baby’s feeding.
  4. responding accurately and quickly to a baby’s needs.
  1. Of the following, who did/does NOT study/discuss sensitive care?

a. Erikson. b. Lazarus. c. Ainsworth. d. Seigel.

  1. Responsive parenting

a. hurts brain development. b. helps brain development.

  1. Responsive parenting is in part defined as knowing a child’s emotional experience and then responding accurately to your child’s response (rather than to responding based on your own triggers). A. True B. False
  1. Giving sensitive care is defined as giving your child

a. lots and lots of attention and affection, and by showing your emotions.

b. pretty much everything he or she wants.

c. A and B both are correct.

d. responses that appropriately fit what the child is experiencing.

  1. A main point of Daniel Siegel is that babies

a. are resilient.

b. need a strong emotional connection to a caregiver for the best emotional development

to occur.

c. need to be “kept waiting” when they’re hungry or thirsty; otherwise the child will become

dependent.

d. need authoritarian parenting.

e. are more cognitively developed than once thought.

  1. Smithy did not receive sensitive care. Compared to someone who did receive sensitive care, Smithy is more likely to

a. be a leader. B. ask for help when it is needed. C. be spoiled.

d. A, B and C all are correct. E. Only A and B are correct.

  1. Generally speaking, someone who did not receive sensitive care most likely

a. has more friends. B. is not self-reliant.

c. ismore likely to ask for help even when it isn’t needed.

d. A, B and C all are correct. E. Only B and C are correct.

  1. Alicia did not get sensitive care as a baby. We do not know if she is a high energy or low energy child. Because of the lack of sensitive care, she is more likely to
  2. be able to take care of herself. b. be a leader.

c. ask for help when she is unable to do something herself.

d. all of the above e. none of the above

  1. Ashley received sensitive care as a child. Because of this, she is more likely to
  2. trust others. b. rely on herself to solve problems.

c. explore new things. d. all of the above e. none of the above

  1. Erik Erikson is famous for

(HINT: Read the chapter title that he’s covered under.)

  1. saying that our cognitive development occurs in 8 stages.
  2. discussing 8 conflicts we go through that influence how we feel about ourselves and others.
  3. saying that we have different kinds of emotional needs and that some emotional needs are more important than others.

STRESS

  1. When we think about something threatening over and over, we are

a. worrying. b. increasing our levels of a chemical called cortisol.

c. probably reducing the effectiveness of our immune systems.

d. All of the above are correct.

  1. According to the text, a stressor

a. is an event that is perceived as harmful.

b. is the feeling one gets when in a stressful situation.

  1. Research shows that psychosomatic illnesses are imaginary. A. True B. False
  1. Based on the textbook, we could argue that, generally speaking, getting cancer at age 80 would be ______stressful than getting it when one is in their 20s or 30s. This is because ______.

a. more; we’re more sure we’ll die from it.

b. less; we’re more likely to expect a fatal illness at that age.

  1. Regarding stress, the text teaches.that

A. people with more education and more money (such as us!) have fewer hassles

than other people. Therefore, they feel less stress

B. people with more education and more money (that’s us, folks!) havejust as many

hassles as other people,

but they have more resources for coping. Therefore, they feel less stress.

  1. Holmes and Rahe created and tested the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. A similar scale also has been created that focuses on students and their stressors. Research on these scales finds that

A. the more changes in one’s life, the more chance of illness.

B. stress affects college students and teenagers more than it affects older adults.

C. daily hassles seem unrelated to physical health.

  1. Holmes and Rahe created and tested the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. A similar scale also has been created that focuses on students and their stressors. Research on these scales finds thatpoor health can be triggered by pleasant changes such as getting married.

A. True; this is because many hassles often are involved even in pleasant events.

B. False. This idea is silly.

  1. Regarding stress, the text teaches that daily hassles are not considered to be a major source of stress or illness for people. A. True B. False
  1. Stress and worrying about hassles can increase our chances of getting

a. colds or flues. b. rashes or asthma attacks. c. heart attacks.