PROF. DEEPANKAR CHOUDHURY, Ph.D., FNASc, FIE, FIGS, FISET, FICDM, MASCE, Humboldt Fellow, JSPS Fellow, TWAS VS Fellow, BOYSCAST Fellow
Institute Chair Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400 076, INDIA.
And,
Adjunct Professor,
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR),
CSIR Campus, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai 600113, INDIA and
CSIR – Central Building Research Institute (CBRI),
CBRI Colony, Roorkee 247667, INDIA.
Office: Room No. 131, Civil Engineering Building, IIT Bombay, Mumbai.
Lab: Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Laboratory, 4th Floor, VMCC, IIT Bombay, Mumbai.
Phone: +91-22-2576 7335 (O), 4307 (L), 8335 (R)
Fax: +91-22-2576 7302, 2572 3480
E-mail: dc @ civil.iitb.ac.in (preferred)
dchoudhury @ iitb.ac.in
deepankarchoudhury @ yahoo.com
deepankarchoudhury @ gmail.com
URL:
One Page CV of Prof. Deepankar Choudhury (Brief Resume)
Education:
Degree / Area / Institute / Year / Remarks / PhotoPh.D. / Civil Engg. / Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore, India / 2002 / Best Thesis Award in India by IGS, Prof. G. A. Leonard’s Best Ph.D. Thesis Biannual Award in India among all Indian Universities given by Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi / Award given at IGC-2003, IIT Roorkee
M.E. / Civil (Geotech.) Engg. / IISc Bangalore, India / 2000 / GOLD Medalist, 1st Class 1st in Civil with Distinction and 1st in Entire Institute among all departments (1 Gold Medal, Cash Award, Senate Commendation Award from IISc) / Award given by Prof. Goverdhan Mehta, Director, IISc
B.E. / Civil Engineering / Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India / 1997 / GOLD Medalist, 1st Class 1st in Civil with Honours and 2nd in Entire University among all departments (2 Gold, 1 Silver, 2 Bronze Medals from Jadavpur University) / -
10+2 / Science / Jodhpur Park Boys School, Kolkata, India / 1993 / 30th Rank in entire W.B.State among ~ 3 lakhs candidates (National Merit Scholarship winner) / -
10th / General / Jodhpur Park Boys School, Kolkata, India / 1991 / 74th Rank in entire W.B.State among ~ 5 lakhs candidates (National Merit Scholarship winner) / -
Research Interests:
1.Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (Applied to retaining wall, reinforced soil-wall, waterfront structures, slope, foundation, pile, anchor, characterization of waste materials, design of MSW landfills, site characterization, liquefaction, GIS-GPS based hazard map, combined pile-raft foundation etc.).
2.Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction problems (foundations under blast load, cyclic load, rail load etc.), Computational Geomechanics.
3.Centrifuge modeling of geotechnical structures.
4.Numerical and analytical modeling of retaining wall, anchor, slope, shallow foundations and deep (pile) foundations.
5.Fundamentals of soil behaviour for fine grained soils, DDL theory.
6.Swell-shrink behaviour of expansive soil.
Positions held:
Position / Institute/Organisation / DurationInstitute Chair Professor / Department of Civil Engineering,
IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India. / October, 2017 to till date
Professor / Department of Civil Engineering,
IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India. / June, 2012 to till date
Adjunct Professor / Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Road, Chennai and CSIR-Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee 247667, India. / Jan, 2013 to till date
Visiting Professor / Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engg., Incheon National University, #119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea(South Korea) / May – June, 2017
Professor
(on deputation from IIT Bombay) / IIT Dharwad, WALMI Campus, Dharwad 580011, Karnataka, India. / January – April, 2017
Visiting Professor (Guest Professor) / Institute & Laboratory of Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technical University (TU) Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Strasse 7, Darmstadt – 64287, Germany. / June – July, 2013
May – July, 2014
Associate Professor / Department of Civil Engineering,
IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India. / April, 2007 to May, 2012
Humboldt Research Fellow (Experienced Researcher) / Institute & Laboratory of Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geodesy, Technical University (TU) Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 13, Darmstadt – 64287, Germany. / January – June, 2010;
May – July, 2011:
May – July, 2012
Visiting Scientist
(JSPS Fellow) / Department of Ocean Civil Engineering, KagoshimaUniversity, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan. / May – July, 2009
Associate Professor
(on deputation) / IIT Gandhinagar, Chandkheda, Gandhinagar – 382 424, Gujarat, India. / January – April, 2009
Assistant Professor / Department of Civil Engineering,
IIT Bombay, India. / July, 2003 - March, 2007
Visiting Scholar
(BOYSCAST Fellow) / Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA. / April - Oct, 2006
Visiting Fellow / School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia / May - June, 2005
Visiting Scientist / Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore. / May - July, 2004
Lecturer / Department of Civil Engineering,
IIT Kanpur, India. / Nov, 2002 - June, 2003
Graduate Trainee Engineer / Development Consultants Limited (DCL), Calcutta, India / July, 1997 – July, 1998
Awards/Recognitions:
Award/Recognition / Year / Given For / Given By / PhotoFellow of The National Academy of Sciences, India (FNASc) / 2017 / Outstanding Research Contributions in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Computational Geomechanics / The National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI), Allahabad, India. / Certificate,
Photo-1, Photo-2, Photo-3, Photo-4, Photo-5
Institute Chair Professor / 2017 / Excellence in Teaching, Research and Professional Developments at IIT Bombay / Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India. / Letter
IACMAG Prof. Chandrakant S. Desai Medal / 2017 / Outstanding Contributions in Research and Teaching with application of Computational Geomechanics in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), AZ, USA. / Certificate, Medal, Photo1, Photo2
Prof. S. P. Sukhatme Excellence in Teaching Award / 2017 / Excellence in Teaching at IIT Bombay (Institute level award) considering preceeding 10 years of teaching evaluation scores / Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India. / Certificate,
Photo (award given by Dr. Srikumar Banerjee), Photo2, Photo3 (all awardees)
Research Publication Award of IIT Bombay / 2016 / Excellence in Research at IIT Bombay (Institute level award) in the area of ‘Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering’ / Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India. / Certificate, Photo, Photo2 (all awardees with dignitaries)
2015 ASCE Outstanding Reviewer Award / 2016 / Outstanding Service as a Reviewer for the ASCE International Journal of Geomechanics / American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, VA, USA. / Certificate
Letter
Springer Reviewer of the Year(Editorial Board Member) 2014 Award / 2016 / Contribution as a Reviewer (Editorial Board Member) for the Indian Geotechnical Journal, Springer / Springer, India. / Certificate
Letter
TWAS Visiting Scholar Fellowship Award / 2014 / Research Contribution in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering in “Engineering Sciences” section below 55 years age for TWAS-UPM Visiting Scholar Fellowship / The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Trieste, Italy. / -
IACMAG Excellent Regional Contributions Award / 2014 / Excellent Research, Teaching and Development Activities in the Area of Geotechnical Earthquake and Foundation Engineering with Applications of Computational Geomechanics / International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), AZ, USA. / Certificate
INAE Young Associate / 2013 / Research Contribution in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering in ‘Civil Engineering Section’ by Young Engineer below 45 years / Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), New Delhi, India. / -
Vivekananda’s Excellence Award for Young Scientist / 2011 / Excellence in Engineering as Young Scientist / Varaha College of Architecture & Planning, Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Educational Trust, Visakhapatnam / Memento
U. P. Government National Award / 2010 / Outstanding Work done in specified areas of Engineering and Technology (Colleges) / Indian Society for Technical Education, New Delhi, India. (Award instituted by Government of Uttar Pradesh) / Certificate,
Medal
APACM Award for
Young Investigators in Computational Mechanics / 2010 / Outstanding accomplishments through research publications in Computational Mechanics by
researchers of below 40 years / The Asian Pacific Association for
Computational Mechanics (APACM), Australia. / Certificate,
Photo 1, 2, 3, 4
MaharashtraState National Award / 2009 / Outstanding Research Work in Engineering and Technology (for faculty of Degree level Technical Institutions) / Indian Society for Technical Education, New Delhi, India. (Award instituted by Government of Maharashtra) / Certificate,
Medal
Photo, award given by President, ISTE in presence of Director, NITK
Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini Award / 2009 / Outstanding Services, Achievements and Contributions / All India National Unity Conference, New Delhi, India. / Certificate,
Memento 1, 2
Photo 1, 2
Humboldt Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers / 2009 / Research Contribution in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, 53173 Bonn, GERMANY. / Offer Letters
Completion Certificate
Letter
INSA-JSPS Bilateral Exchange Fellowship Programme / 2009-2010 / Research Contribution in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi, India
And
Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), JAPAN. / Certificate
The IIT Bombay Young Investigator Award / 2007
(given in 2009) / Research Contribution in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / IRCC, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India. / Certificate,
Photo (Award given by Prof. P. Balaram, Director, IISc)
ISTE-SGSITS National Award / 2008 / Best Research Work done by Young Teachers (below 35 years) of Engineering Colleges / Indian Society for Technical Education, New Delhi, India. / Certificate,
Medal
The Dr. Jai Krishna Prize / 2008 / Research paper by D. Choudhury (2008); Response of soil slopes under earthquake conditions using 2-dof dynamic model, Journal of Civil Engg., Institute of Engineers (India), Vol. 88, Feb 2008, pp. 41-47. / The Institute Of Engineers (India), Kolkata, India. / Certificate
Medal
Photo, award given by President, IEI
Shamsher Prakash (SP) Research Award – IIT Roorkee / 2008 / Outstanding Research Contribution in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering by Young Indian Engineer/Scientist/Researcher below 45 years age / Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India through S.P. Research Foundation, USA. / Certificate
Citation
Award Photos(1, 2, 3) during 8th Convocation of IIT Roorkee
IEI Young Engineers Award / 2008 / Research Contribution in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering in Civil Engineering discipline / The Institute Of Engineers (India), Kolkata, India. / Certificate
Photo-1, 2
IACMAG Excellent Paper Award: Junior / 2008 / Research paper by Choudhury, D. and Subba Rao, K.S. (2006); "Seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings embedded in slope", International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 176-184. / International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), AZ, USA. / Certificate
Photo-1,
Photo-2
(Award given by Prof. Scott Sloan, Prof. John Carter was also present)
CBRI Best Paper Award of the Diamond Jubilee Conference on Landslide Management during 10-12 February, 2008 / 2008 / Paper titled “Seismic slope stability analysis using MSD model for different modes of movements” by Arghya Das, Deepankar Choudhury, Abhishake Rawat and Debarghya Chakrabarty / Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee – 247667, India. / Certificate
NASI Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award / 2007 / Research Contribution in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering in Physical Sciences Section by Young Scientist / National Academy of Sciences India (NASI), Allahabad, India / Certificate, Medal,
With President, NASI and Director of IIT-B, Prof. Ashok Misra)
INAE Young Engineer Award / 2006 / Research Contribution in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering in Civil Engineering Section by Young Engineer / Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), New Delhi, India. / Certificate,
Medal,
Photo-1, Photo-2, Photo-3 (Award given by President, INAE, Dr. K. Kasturirangan)
Visiting Scholar / 2006 / Research work in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering under BOYSCAST Fellowship of DST, Govt. of India / Invited by Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720, USA. / -
BOYSCAST Fellowship / 2005-2006 / Research work in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering / Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India. / -
Visiting Fellow / 2005 / Recognition in Civil Geotechnical Engineering / Invited by School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, AUSTRALIA. / -
INSA Medal for Young Scientist / 2005 / Research Contribution in Engineering and Technology Section by Young Scientist / Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, India / Certificate,
Medal,
Photo with Dr. R. A. Mashelkar, President and Prof. M. Vijayan, Vice-President, INSA and other Awardees
ISCA Young Scientist Award / 2005 / Research Contribution in Engineering Science Section by Young Scientist / The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), Kolkata, India. / Certificate
Young Scientist Research Award / 2004 / Research in Technology by Young Scientist / BRNS-DAE, Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India. / -
Visiting Scientist / 2004 / Research in Civil Geotechnical Engineering for Centrifuge Modeling / Invited by Department of Civil Engineering, NationalUniversity of Singapore (NUS), SINGAPORE. / -
Prof. G. A. Leonard’s Award / 2003 / Best Ph.D. thesis in India among all institutes for the year 2001 and 2002 / Indian Geotechnical Society (IGS), New Delhi, India. / Certificate
Photo, Award given by President, IGS, Prof. A. V. Shroff
Senate Commendation / 2001 / Highest CGPA 7.9/8.0 among all branches of Engg. in M.E. for batch 1998-2000 / Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India. / Photo, Award given byProf. Goverdhan Mehta, Director, IISc
Prof. N. S. Govinda Rao Gold Medal / 2001 / 1st Rank in M.E. in Civil Engg. for batch 1998-2000 / Department of Civil Engineering, IISc Bangalore, India. / Medal
Photo, Award given by Prof. Goverdhan Mehta, Director, IISc
Bronze Medal / 1997 / Highest marks both in Design of Concrete Structures and Design of Steel Structures in B.E. / Department of Civil Engg., Jadavpur University, India. / Medal
Bronze Medal / 1997 / 2nd Rank in whole University in B.E. for batch 1993-1997 / JadavpurUniversity, Kolkata, India. / Medal
Silver Medal / 1997 / Highest marks in Civil Engg. in all semesters of B.E. / Department of Civil Engg., Jadavpur University, India / Medal
Prof. S. Neogi Gold Medal / 1997 / Highest aggregate in Civil Engg. in B.E. for batch 1993-1997 / Department of Civil Engg., Jadavpur University, India. / Medal
University Gold Medal / 1997 / 1st Rank in B.E. (Civil) for batch
1993-1997 / JadavpurUniversity, Kolkata, India. / Medal
All India 7th Rank in GATE-97 / 1997 / All India GATE rank in Civil Engineering / Government of India. / -
Washington Chapter Annual Scholarship / 1996 / Merit and academic activities as a 4th year student of Civil Engineering of JadavpurUniversity / Alumni Association, N.C.E. Bengal and JadavpurUniversity, Kolkata, India. / Certificate
National Merit Scholarship / 1991-1997 / 30th and 74th Rank in whole WestBengalState in (10+2) and 10th Standard Examinations respectively / Government of India. / -
Teaching courses at IIT Bombay:
Course No. / Course Title / Level / Type / DuringCE 684 / Advanced Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / P.G. / Elective / Spring 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018
CE 647 / Soil Dynamics and Machine Foundations / P.G. / Elective / Autumn 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
CE 633 / Soil-Structure Interaction / P.G. / Elective / Autumn 2003, 2004
CE 640 / Foundation Engineering / P.G. / Elective / Spring 2004
CE 643 / Experimental Geotechnics / P.G. / Core / Autumn 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
CE 102 / Engineering Mechanics / U.G. / Core / Spring 2004 (tutor),
Spring 2005 (Coordinator, Instructor and tutor), Spring 2006 (Instructor), Spring 2007 (Coordinator, Instructor and tutor), Spring 2009 (Instructor at IIT Gandhinagar), Spring 2017 (Instructor at IIT Dharwad)
CE 303 / Soil Mechanics I / U.G. / Core / Autumn 2014
CE 303(M) / Soil Mechanics I / U.G. / Minor / Spring 2012, 2013, 2014
CE 323 / Geotechnical Engineering I / U.G. / Core / Autumn 2015
CE 304 / Soil Mechanics II / U.G. / Core / Spring 2015
CE 319 / Soil Mechanics Laboratory I / U.G. / Core / Autumn 2012, 2013
CE 314 / Soil Mechanics Laboratory II / U.G. / Core / Spring 2013, 2014
CE 442 / Machine Foundations / U.G. / Elective / Autumn 2007, 2008, 2010, 2016, 2017
CE 402 / Introduction to Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / U.G. / Elective / Spring 2008, 2011, 2018
CE 407 / Foundation Engineering / U.G. / Elective / Autumn 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018
Teaching courses at TU Darmstadt, Germany:
Course No. / Course Title / Level / DuringGTE 09 / Soil Dynamics and Machine Foundations / P.G. / Summer 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
Administrative works at IIT Bombay:
1.Member, Department Policy Committee (DPC) from August 2015 to till date.
2. Member of MHRD delegation and one of the coordinators from IITB for JEE 2017 and GATE 2017 in abroad for international students, June 2016 to till date.
3. Associate Chairman, IIT Campus and KG School from 11th January, 2016 to till date.
4. Member, Under Graduate Programme Committee (UGPC) from January 2014 to Dec. 2016.
5. Organizing Vice-Chairman, IIT-JEE (Advanced) 2015.
6. Convener, Administrative Policy Committee, IIT Campus and KG School from August 2014 to 10th January, 2016.
7. Invitee, Department Policy Committee (DPC) from August 2014 to July 2015.
8. Member and Secretary, Department Post Graduate Committee (DPGC) from January 2011 to December 2013.
9.Member, Department Under Graduate Committee (DUGC) from January 2006 to December 2008.
10.Convener, Geotechnical Engineering Group of Civil Engg. Department from August 2013 to August 2015.
11.Faculty Advisor of M.Tech. (Jr.) Geotechnical Group for 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011 batches.
12.Faculty Advisor of M.Tech. (Sr.) Geotechnical Group for 2011, 2012, 2013batches.
13.Faculty Advisor of B.Tech. batch of 2008 – 2012.
14.Co-opted Member of Senate (nominated by Chairman Senate and approved by Chairman BOG) for years 2009, 2010.
15.Member, Department Review Committee during February 2008-2009.
16.Member, Department DisciplinaryCommittee during September 2008-2010.
17. Member, Course Curriculum Committee of Civil Engineering department of IIT-B since Sept. 2012-till date.
18.B.Tech. Project Coordinator in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.
19.Chairman, Examiner etc. for various PhD, M.Tech, B.Tech thesis, dissertations, reports at various stages.
20.GATE, JEE, JMET, CEED and UCEED duties as Institute Representative at different centers at various cities in India under IIT-B and Ethiopia.
21. Tabulator for JEE at IIT-B.
22. Reviewer of Answers of GATE at IIT-B.
23. Flying Squad (Vigilance Member) for GATE, JEE at IIT-B.
24. Mentor and Instructor at new IIT Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India during Jan-April, 2009 and at new IIT Dharwad, Karnataka during Jan-April, 2017 on deputation from IIT Bombay.
Publications :
Book
Rolf Katzenbach, Steffen Leppla and Deepankar Choudhury (2016); “Foundation Systems for High-Rise Structures”, published by CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, USA and UK, (ISBN: 978-1-4987-4477-5), pp. 1-298. (Book Flier) (Website) (Front Matters) (Letter of IITB Director) (Review on this Book by Yancheng Cai (2017), published in Journal Civil Engineering, ICE London, UK, Vol. 170, Issue CE1, pp. 14, doi: 10.1680/jcien.2017.170.1.14)
(a) International Journals
1.Jashod Roy, Ashutosh Kumar and Deepankar Choudhury(2018); "Natural frequencies of piled raft foundation including superstructure effect",Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, (ISSN: 0267-7261, Impact Factor: 2.077/2017) Elsevier, U.K., Vol. 112, pp. 69-75, doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.048.
2.B. Giridhar Rajesh and Deepankar Choudhury (2018); "Computation of sliding displacements of seawalls under earthquake conditions", Natural Hazards, (ISSN: 0921-030X, Impact Factor: 1.833/2016) Springer, Netherlands, (tentatively accepted with minor revision).
3. Milind Patil, Deepankar Choudhury, P. G. Ranjith and Jian Zhao(2018); "Behavior of shallow tunnel in soft soil under seismic conditions",Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,(ISSN: 0886-7798, Impact Factor: 2.418/2017) Elsevier, USA, Vol. 82, pp. 30-38, doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2018.04.040.
4. Tulika Bose, Deepankar Choudhury, Julian Sprengel and Martin Ziegler(2018); "Efficiency of open and infill trenches in mitigating ground-borne vibrations",Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE,(ISSN: 1090-0241, Impact Factor: 3.305/2017) USA, Vol. 144, No. 8, pp. 04018048-1-11, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001915.
5. Shibayan Biswas and Deepankar Choudhury(2018); "Seismic soil resistance for caisson design in sand", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, (ISSN: 1353-2618, Impact Factor: 0.906/2017) ICE, London, U.K., (in press for publication, available online since March 14, 2018 with doi: 10.1680/jgeen.17.00195).
6. Ranjit Das, H. R. Wason, Gabriel Gonzalez, M. L. Sharma, Deepankar Choudhury, Conard Lindholm, Narayan Roy and Pablo Salazar(2018); "Earthquake magnitude conversion problem",Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (BSSA),(ISSN 0037-1106, Impact Factor: 2.146/2017) USA, (in press for publication, available online with doi: 10.1785/0120170157).
7. Ashutosh Kumar and Deepankar Choudhury(2018); "Development of new prediction model for capacity of combined pile-raft foundations",Computers and Geotechnics,(ISSN: 0266-352X, Impact Factor: 3.138/2017), Elsevier,UK, Vol. 97, pp. 62-68, doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.12.008.